Sources Of Competitive Advantage Tourism Essay

Sources Of Competitive Advantage Tourism Essay Abu Dhabi is the capital city and largest out of the seven emirates of the UAE; it constitutes for 85 of the UAEs total land mass. It is home to just over 613,000 people. However, it is the second largest city after Dubai. Over the recent years, Abu Dhabi has evolved into an international conurbation. It is the epicenter of the UAEs political and industrial activities. The city is also home to prime officials, such as the royal Emir Family and the United Arab Emirates central, federal government. Abu Dhabi is considered to be one of the worlds largest producers of oil and a pantheon for regional commerce. Abu Dhabi has been recently putting in tremendous effort to actively diversify it economy through multiple investments in financial services as well as the tourism sector. From the tourism perspective, Abu Dhabi is considered to be one of the worlds most fastest growing tourism destinations. Also, it is deemed to be a city that offers its visitors an opportunity to experience a comb ination of culture-rich tradition, modernity, adventure, and utter relaxation. Alongside that, Abu Dhabi is also a place where people can experience aesthetic beauty both in terms of the natural landscapes and contemporary architectural designs. In addition, the Abu Dhabi International Airport has also been ranked among the best airports in the Middle East region. Given its blissful beaches, luxurious hotels, and all-embracing shopping experience, Abu Dhabi is an ideal destination for tourists and visitors. Destination Mission: Abu Dhabi has set long-term goals with respect to its tourism plans and priorities. Bearing in mind its initial plans of development and sustainability, the tourism sector in Abu Dhabi plans to achieve certain key strategic goals over the next year. According to the Abu Dhabi Tourism Authority (ABTA), they are aiming to collectively building a world class tourism destination (http://www.abudhabitourism.ae, 2012) via developing an extensive range of products that fulfill the needs of their target markets, and by developing some form of awareness with regards to their target market and by creating the necessary level of proficiency in the marketplace. From our standpoint, our mission is to create a marketing plan that will promote Abu Dhabi as an exceptional and globally recognized tourism destination. Abu Dhabis Competitive advantage: As Abu Dhabi continues its growth, it has managed to gain competitive advantage a customer base as well as on a product/service base and that is through enhancing the citys infrastructure to reduce traffic, build a more environment friendly city (Masdar City), and the biggest yet to come, the metro. Abu Dhabi reflects a relaxed yet sophisticated lifestyle. Its a busy city and a very important business hub but yet maintains a quiet life unlike Dubai which is the city that never sleeps. And it is all in line with Abu Dhabis vision. It has become the perfect holiday getaway along with pleasure with business where now a business trip can also mean a good time for the family as well. Sources of competitive advantage: Etihad airways UAEs second national carrier and one of the leading award winning airline, offering the best services for their customers and projecting Abu Dhabis true hospitality. Having top notch services in the aviation industry gives tourist their first best experience in Abu Dhabi as soon as they choose them as a way to get there. Experience: For these seeking a unique thriving experience these are some of the thing to do while in Abu Dhabi: Yas Island: just an hour and a half away from Dubai hosting state of the art hotels, F1 races in Yas Marina Circuit, residential area by the beach, and fun family time in Ferrari World. Get the chance to ride the track in Yas Marina Circuit. Abu Dhabi islands: Saadiyat Island if relaxation and resorts is what you need, and Sir Bani Yas to explore UAEs natural preserve and largest island, as well as Delma Island, holding the Gulfs most important pearl diving centers. Desert balloon expeditions Helicopter tours Cruise tours Sports and Recreation: Sports lovers will have a great share of excitement in Abu Dhabi with some out of many of activities for them to do such as: Golf Water sports and sailing Motor Sports and karting Off-road driving Shooting Fishing Diving Horse riding Tennis; with Mubadalas World tennis championship. Shopping: Shopping lovers and fashionistas will indeed have a great shopping experience in Abu Dhabi and these are some of the places and goods they can shop for: Best buys and bargaining Shopping malls Carpets Art Arabian and local souvenirs (Sougha) Luxury retail Traditional markets and souks Gold jewelry Culture and Heritage: A famous quote is exchanged between people in the middle east and to be specific within the Arabian Gulf region: one who doesnt have a past, doesnt not have a future, and from there we take on the words of our late leaders and visionaries to illustrate how the Emirates and Abu Dhabi to be exact takes its steps in growing and blooming. Hence, Abu Dhabis heritage villages theme park, and archeological sites in Sir Bani Yas illustrate the UAEs rich culture and heritage. Other Amazing Must-See Sites: Masdar City and Masdar institute: a place on almost everyones destinations list to see the completely sustainable building and environment friendly city. The Grand Mosque: one of the largest mosques featuring amazing Islamic architecture. The grand mosque has the capacity to host 41,000 worshippers, 82 domes, over 1000 columns, 24 carat gold gilded chandeliers and the worlds largest hand knotted carpet. Emirates Palace Al Ain Zoo Arabian Wildlife park in Sir Bani Yas island Course Project Focus: In the course project focus we would like to move away from the clichà © of Abu Dhabi being a business hub only and home of embassies and consulates, and go beyond that. Abu Dhabi is indeed much more than that. Its a vacation destination everywhere you look around beginning with Abu Dhabis cornice to Al Ains Oasis city, and not to mention the western region of the Empty Quarter desert in Al Gharbia for the adventure seekers  [1]  . We will construct a marketing plan to change our audience perception of Abu Dhabi and gain more attention and tourism attractiveness and shape tourism in Abu Dhabi, as well as to meet the goal of Abu Dhabis Economic growth vision in 2030. Section 3: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Industry Analysis: For the UAE as a whole, the tourism sector had another good year in 2011, although annual growth in foreign tourists slowed slightly to an estimated 11.0%. BMI anticipates a slowdown in the sector over the short term, with growth in arrivals forecast at about8% in 2012 (raised slightly this quarter). Growth in visitors from Europe to Dubai has been weak in recent years. Continuing favorable opportunities exist for the UAE to exploit regional tourism growth, such as from Saudi Arabia. The tourism industry has also become a notable bright spot for the construction sector. The most recent figures for Abu Dhabi for January-July show the emirate welcomed 1.37mn hotel guests, an 11% increase over the corresponding period in 2011. The already burgeoning tourism sector appears to have benefited from the Arab Spring, with tourists attracted away from other locations in the region. Given the ongoing instability, there is potential for the industry to benefit further in this regard. Annual tourist visits is expected to rise from 1.8 million visitors in 2010 to 2.7 million by 2013 and to 7.5 million by 2030. Every aspect of the strategy works towards showcasing Abu Dhabi as an exclusive, high-end tourist destination where visitors can engage in world-class business and relax. SWOT Analysis: TOURISM IN ABU DHABI ENVIRONMENT EVALUATION INTERNAL STRENGTHS Base to a large number of leading corporations in the world Presence of leading luxury hotels Easy access worldwide due to close proximity of Abu Dhabi Intl Airport Well laid out and congestion-free streets Wide array of destinations and events for a family holiday WEAKNESSES Lacks the luster and glamour of neighboring Dubai Development and implementation of projects is slow Does not cater much towards young single adults. EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES Rising global position of the region Presence of natural resources (petroleum) Ever expanding globalization THREATS Rise of other oil states like Qatar and Kuwait Disturbances in the region Overview of SWOT Analysis: The SWOT analysis sums up the strengths and weaknesses of the tourism industry of Abu Dhabi. The above table shows us that the tourism industry in Abu Dhabi has the potential to grow and become one of the largest in the region. Being the Capital of the United Arab Emirates has made Abu Dhabi home to most of the head offices of leading global corporations in the region. The large number of luxury hotels makes Abu Dhabi a prime location to host business events and conventions. Abu Dhabi caters to families also by having a variety of cultural destinations as well as those that cater to fun. The Ferrari world in Abu Dhabi, The upcoming Yas Waterpark, The Grand Prix and rock concerts such as Creamfields is an attraction that pulls in lots of fun seeking crowds. Abu Dhabi unlike Dubai lacks certain glamour, with tourism and business not being the prime source of income, the implementation of projects is quite slow. Dubai and other oil states in the MENA region are therefore a competition t o Abu Dhabi that cannot be ignored. Competition: Competition for tourism in Abu Dhabi involves both local and international level competition. At the local level, it faces tough competition mainly from its sibling Dubai the Las Vegas of the middle east. Abu Dhabi has announced new ambitious tourism targets, complemented by a US$30 million marketing budget and huge infrastructure projects, and it is opening up representative offices around the world and attending world travel fairs. The emirates ambitions would appear identical to Dubais but this sibling wants to be different. However the end product differs from Dubai, Abu Dhabi is now throwing impressive figures into the mix in a bid to attract an estimated U$11 billion in tourism projects by 2015. Ultimately Abu Dhabi may develop a superior tourism product to Dubai, buts its path to achieve this will follow Dubais development example, which has shown what you can achieve with a well-coordinated and funded marketing approach. On the other hand, Abu Dhabi faces solid competition from the other metropolitan cities around the world and renown for tourism. Abu Dhabi has still not turned out to be a popular word among the people around the world and this is what Abu Dhabi needs to aim at. With strong marketing strategies and effective implementation along with determination, Abu Dhabi can definitely reach this goal with top rankings in the worlds best destinations. Customer Analysis: The customers in a tourism industry are nothing but the tourists. These tourists visit a county for either of the two purposes Business or Leisure. Abu Dhabi, being a place which was known for standing up during the recession period and still booming in the market at a good rate with a lot of upcoming projects proves to be a good attraction to business entrepreneurs around the world. Abu Dhabi should definitely focus more on attracting customers who visit for business purposes. At the same time, families and other people who need to take a trip for fun could satisfy themselves in Abu Dhabi with the numerous attractions. Abu Dhabi has attractions for all the age groups and if people know more about the attractions and events in Abu Dhabi, theyll definitely not miss out on these. People nowadays are becoming more aware of and interested in tours and Abu Dhabi has very good potential to cater to the interests of all age groups. Abu Dhabi has enough to serve both the types of customers very well and this is what that makes it an effective place for tourism. Section 4: SEGEMENTATION, TARGETING, AND POSITIONING (STP) Market Segmentation: When it comes to tourism planning and strategy formulation, it is of utmost importance to segment the market prior pursuing a course of action or marketing plan. Market segmentation refers to breaking down or classifying the market at hand into submarkets or segments based on certain characteristics or aspects. Such characteristics (demographics and psychographics) may include age, purpose of travel, and opportunities available to them. In our case, promoting Abu Dhabi as the next big tourism destination, the tourism market can be broken down into several segments. The first main segment is families, which consist of parents and children- perhaps also young adults within the household- and even senior members like grandparents. This segment can be further divided into different age groups. For example, this classification can be done as follows: toddlers and children ranging from the age of 5 to 12, teenagers and young adults starting from 13 years of age up to 19, a youth category w hich encompasses the younger generation (i.e. 20 to 29 years old), and lastly the adults or seniors which are mainly above the age of 30. The second main market segment would be the business travelers. As mentioned earlier in the project, Abu Dhabi is a regional hotspot for business opportunities and investments. Thus, it can attract potential businesspeople. As a result, it is important to consider professionals as a segment within that particular market. Lastly, a third possible segment could be individual/pair travelers such as bachelors, singles, newlyweds (honeymooners), couples without children, and finally, retired or senior couples. Target Market Identification: To target a particular segment, a particular destination must prove what is has to offer to be of value to the targeted market. In this case, we believe the predominant target market would be families. There are many reasons why Abu Dhabi would consider promoting itself to families, and conversely, there are many reasons why families might consider Abu Dhabi for their next vacation spot. When firms are marketing a certain product or service, the consumer must understand what the product or service uniquely offers to them compared to that of its competitor and what added value it provides. Similarly, a tourism destination must offer its tourists a unique experience in every regard. It is easy for a family to pick a destination that has amazing parks, state of the art resorts, and large shopping malls, but the question is, what is so different about a beach in Salalah, Oman, a resort in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, and a shopping mall in Dubai, with what Abu Dhabi has to offer? What is it e xactly that pushes a family to visit one place over another? The answer is value and experience. The experience and joyful memory is what stays with a person, especially after a trip or vacation. Abu Dhabi is home to many things that a vacationing family would be on the lookout for. There are many activities that one can do both indoors and outdoors. A business man flying to Abu Dhabi to close some deals can worry no more about leaving his family back home. While hes busy during the day his wife can take away the kids to Ferrari World, or if theyre a couple with no kids, the wife can go out shopping or enjoying a relaxing spa day in Saadiyat island resort. Nevertheless, business and pleasure has become a very do-able thing in Abu Dhabi where business partners can take a cruise along the sea, golf, or competing on the tennis course while discussing work. What makes Abu Dhabi different is that the visitors do not have to worry about getting stuck in traffic while getting from one place to another. The activities venues are very spread out all over Abu Dhabi beginning with Yas Island, just an hour and a half away from Dubai, to Al Gharbia the western region of the Empty Quarter desert. Additionally, Abu Dhabi has beautiful natural preserves and natural islands where the family can enjoy kayaking along and enjoy the natural beauty, and archeological specimens that reveals the rich heritage and culture of the UAE. Abu Dhabi is the destination where modernity and heritage meets, and greet its visitors with warm welcoming Arabian hospitality and traditions were inherited along the years and are carried on from one generation to the next, therefore the special treatment is always given away wherever you go about Abu Dhabi. Worry no more about what can your family can do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ because theres fun for everyone in Abu Dhabi. Positioning A quote from His Excellency Mubarak Al Muhairi, director general of ADTA regarding Abu Dhabis positioning in the tourism industry says the following: Abu Dhabi is seeking to attract discerning tourists who will be attracted by a diversified product base of beach, nature, culture, sports, adventure and business tourism. Our mandate is to position Abu Dhabi as an international city of wealth and culture, while maintaining a balanced approach between development and environmental preservation and sustainability. In our five-year strategic plan, 2008-2012, we have prioritized wider international marketing of this destination and we envisage that by the end of this year we will have ADTA representative offices in Australia, Italy and China joining our existing overseas office network which serves our primary markets of the UK, Germany and France.  [2]  Thus, Abu Dhabi seeks growth in the tourism industry and position itself within the market using product characteristics and customer benefits as a positioning strategy. Section 5: MARKETING MIX MARKETING STRATEGY Marketing Mix: The proposed marketing mix for the betterment of the tourism industry of Abu Dhabi consists of four main elements: Product formulation, Pricing, Promotion and Place. Product Formulation: Product in the tourism industry is any benefits or quality of experience that meets the needs and wants of the customer. Abu Dhabi needs to ensure that the tourism experience that it provides its guests meets their needs. This can be done by ensuring top performance in four aspects of its product. Designed Characteristics: The tourism in Abu Dhabi can be given a boost by attracting more customers, this can be done by clubbing together different aspects of its tourism like cultural sites, hotels, leisure activities into single deals and promotions. Service Component: All tourism staff should undergo special training for interaction with customers. There should be a uniform form of administration for all tourism organizations within the emirate. When customers notice the same uniforms and procedures within different tourist spots within the country, it instills a form of familiarity within them. Branding/Ambience: Abu Dhabi should create a brand for itself as a top end tourist destination. The brand should consist of a catch phrase as well as a logo. The catch phrase should project in the mind of the traveler an image of the destination and a feel of the people and culture. The logo can include prominent structures of the emirate (eg. Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Leaning Tower of Abu Dhabi). Having a brand and its consequent promotion around the world will give a boost to the tourism industry in the emirate. Price: Pricing is a very important marketing strategy as it helps control the sales volume. Abu Dhabi has over 125 hotels, where many of these are five star hotels. The published prices of these hotels tend to be very high and do not attract a lot of customers. The tourism industry could create deals that club together hotels and different leisure activities and charge a promotional price. This way, the customer perceives more value for the cost they are paying. Abu Dhabi could also create seasonal pricing strategies that can cater a specific tourism season. Promotion: Promotion is perhaps the most visible of the four marketing mixes and perhaps what Abu Dhabi lacks the most. As a tourist destination, Abu Dhabi needs to send a global message that they are now ready to enter the tourism market. This can be done through hosting tourism exhibitions and signing contracts with international hotel groups and airlines for promotional prices. Publishing magazines and brochures as well as a more interactive advertising in travel websites can help make the consumers more aware of Abu Dhabi as a tourist destination. Place: In tourism, place does not refer to the destination alone, rather all points of sale for the destination. This includes travel agents, online booking as well as convenience of access. Abu Dhabi should start a tourism office in major cities around the world offering deals at promotional prices. Etihad Airways already connects Abu Dhabi to different parts of the world, ensuring ease of access to the city. Marketing Strategy: A well-developed efficient marketing strategy for the targeted segments is very trivial for growth of the product. This can be achieved by the following means: Sector Regulation: Work with industry sector stakeholders to enhance overall tourism sector standards. Develop and implement sector licensing and classification. Visitor Experience: Improved and consistent visitor experiences founded on unique culture character. Visitor services program Advocacy with other departments and agencies to meet the travelers needs. Accessibility: Significantly improved access to and within Abu Dhabi. Stakeholder Collaboration: Champion the development of the tourism industry with stakeholders. Tourism Product Development: Foster leisure and business tourism attractions and events. Promote Abu Dhabi: Promotion of Abu Dhabi as an international destination. Produce a steady stream of innovative event and concepts which are aligned to, and reinforce brand Abu Dhabi. Job Creation: Increase in skilled tourism employment and generate greater levels of Emirati participation. Organization Excellence: Increase the organizations effectiveness by operating with a streamlined structure, well-defined and documented processes and using the latest available technology tools. Workforce Development: Increase the organizations effectiveness and efficiencies by recruiting and retaining skilled employees and empowering them to the highest levels of professionalism with a customer focus attitude. Sustainable Tourism: Promote development of a sustainable tourism sector adding value to the local community.

Generation What? An Outcast of Generation X :: Essays Papers

Generation What? An Outcast of Generation X Reflecting upon my writing is one of the most difficult tasks I have ever been asked to do. Looking back upon my work, I realize that this is one of the most important papers I have written. Not only was this piece the first paper I have written for a writing studio, it also enabled me to release some of the frustrations I have with my generation. Generation X. Slackers. Twentysomethings. There has been so much written about this group. There have been countless attempts by the media to analyze them. The media panders to and laughs at them, almost in the same breath. They discuss the group's alienation and disaffection, and their pride in multiculturalism. The media mocks their seemingly constant depression and applauds their tolerance and open-mindedness. Movies such as Reality Bites and Singles show this group in all its glory. Most people in this age group watch these movies and feel a connec tion with them. The backdrops of these characters' lives, and the experiences these characters face are similar to their own. However, I, as well as many of my peers, cannot relate to any of the so-called "Gen eration X" movies, TV shows, music, etc. While we are all in the correct age group, these forms of entertain ment are for the products of a white, middle-class, suburban upbringing. This category leaves out a con siderable amount of young Americans. The whole concept of a Generation X reminds me of junior high school, where knowing the right people, wearing the right clothes, and listening to the right music means status and popularity. Back in junior high, there was the popular crowdrich kids, ath letes, and beautiful people. These popular people had one thing in common conformity. They all wore the same type of clothes with the same brand names. They went to all the socially key functionsparties, dances, etc. As much as twentysomethings would like to think they have progressed beyond this point, they have not. Generation X also has a popular crowd. Instead of going to the socially key parties, they attend concert events like Lollapalooza and Woodstock '94. Instead of going out of their way to look like everyone else, they go out of their way not to look like everyone elseand end up looking like everyone else in the process. The audience at a Lollapalooza concert is a study in nonconformist conformity.

Maya Angelo Essays -- biographies bio biography

If I could have the honor of meeting that one person it would be Maya Angelo. She was an inspirational and phenomenal woman of her decade. Not only was she an actress and poet, she was a mother too. Maya Angelo was a beautiful black woman in her time that stood for what was just. She experienced slavery, and even endured it. Her legacy and history is passed on through many of her books like â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings†, or through her poems such as â€Å"A raisin in the sun† and â€Å"phenomenal woman†. Thanks to her tenacity and considerateness this younger generation that I am growing up in can visit the past time and time again through her magnificent writings. Maya Angelo style of writing was very different from the many black authors I had read in the past. I say that because her choi...

Developmental Growths Of Oled Technology Engineering Essay

The importance of electronic shows has late increased due to the advanced developments of LED or light breathing rectifying tube engineering. These developments have brought LED engineering to its following degree by affecting a series of organic thin movies between two music directors, which are known as Organic light-emitting diode or ( organic visible radiation breathing rectifying tube ) . OLEDs can be used to do high efficiency shows and dynamic lighting. Due to the visible radiation emitted from the OLEDs, they do non necessitate a backlight and so are thinner and more efficient than LCD shows which presently require a white backlight. The chances of OLED engineering are great but non without its hurdlings. Presently, it costs more to bring forth OLEDs them modern LCD engineering. Similarly, their overall life clip is reasonably limited, these and other issues urgently need to be addressed to properly implement them in the consumer market.IntroductionIn the mid-20th century res earch workers at the Universit & A ; eacute ; de Nancy in France foremost produced electroluminescence with organic stuffs. These research workers developed setup that would direct excitement of the dye molecules or excitement of negatrons [ Bernius, M ] . These electroluminescent cells were developed utilizing acridine orange and mepacrine with a high electromotive force of jumping current. After their success many stuffs were studied and experimented in assorted establishments to detect a stuff that would supply a high quality visible radiation end product. It was discovered that certain plastics could be altered into conductive stuffs. This find helped the apprehension of conductive stuffs and their belongingss. These finds revolutionized the attack to digital engineering by showing a cheaper and more flexible option to expensive semiconducting materials of the clip. In 1985 the Eastman Kodak Company developed a bilayer device based on vapour deposited molecular movies that used a hole conveyance bed with a bed electroluminescence. This find was done by accident while they were experimenting with solar cells and noticed a glowing stuff that was subsequently patented and was the start of OLED engineering [ Tang, C. W. ] . This new rectifying tube showed the potency of a device that would hold improved efficiency with less power to run. Modern OLED devices are able to breathe visible radiation on their ain, unlike LCD devices that are dependent on backlight beginning to make light. Light is emitted from the smaller OLED pels with aid of a really thin organic movie bed. This bed of organic stuff is placed between two music directors, which are besides between a glass top home base and a glass underside home base kwon as the substrate. When an electric Current is applied to the two music directors, a bright, electro luminescent visible radiation is produced from the organic stuff. OLED engineering is really dynamic when it comes to light that can breathe from really little luminescent to a really high degree measured in little increases. With the add-on of colour movies, OLEDs can use the basic colour specifying pigments ruddy, green and bluish to make any coveted colour or shadiness including white [ So, Franky ] . Unfortunately, these rectifying tubes are still expensive to bring forth. Newly developing engineerings such as intercrossed light-emitting bed that consists of non-conductive polymers doped with light-emitting conductive polymers offer both mechanical and production advantages that could assist work out the disbursal of these rectifying tubes [ So, Franky ] . More research is required to develop a higher quality production of OLEDs, fortuitously with the degree of advancement already achieved with OLEDs ; it will merely be a affair of clip.BodyAt this clip OLED engineering is the taking following coevals engineering for level panel shows. OLED devices will dwell of full colour visible radiation breathing engineering, which provide high brightness, low power ingestion and great contrast. Furthermore, they are compact, lightweight, can defy important mechanical tonss have have a broad scope of operating temperatures [ Wen, S.-W. , M.-T ] . The possible for these show devices is rather big. Their application from cell phones, auto wireless to the helmet mounted index shows on the windscreen of vehicles and illuming can greatly better assorted developing engineerings. The development of phosphorescent stuffs like OLED, can be non merely use to expose devices, but besides as a thin movie light beginning that may replace legion incandescent big and expensive non organic LED beginnings. OLEDs produce light by the recombination of negatrons and holes. When a electromotive force is applied across the device, negatrons are injected from cathode and holes are injected from anode. Transport and radiative recombination of electron-hole braces is at the emissive polymer beds [ M & A ; uuml ; llen, K. , ] . As the negatrons bead into the holes, they release energy in the signifier of visible radiation. The colour of the visible radiation emitted depends on the composing of the organic emissive bed. Multiple beds can be combined in one device to bring forth any colour including white.Material efficienciesThe chief demands for OLED stuffs are high luminescence in the solid province, good bearer mobility, good thermal and oxidative stableness and good colour pureness [ Wen, S.-W. , M.-T ] . The i ¬?rst coevals of efi ¬?cient OLEDS developed from Eastman Kodak was based on i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uorescent stuffs. In this instance, the emanation of visible radiation is the consequence of the recombination of vest excitons or nomadic concentration of energy in a crystal. However, the internal efi ¬?ciency is limited to 25 % [ M & A ; uuml ; llen, K. , ] . The 2nd coevals uses phosphorescent stuffs where all excitons emit through an efi ¬?ciently four times more than i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uorescent stuffs. The presence of heavy atoms such as Ir or Pt additions spin-orbit yoke, favours intersystem traversing and allows radiative three passages. Baldo et Al. 30 were the i ¬?rst to describe the usage of green phosphorescent dye to increase the device efi ¬?ciency. Highly efi ¬?cient viridity and ruddy electro phosphorescent emitters have been demonstrated with internal quantum efi ¬?ciencies nearing 100 % . 31,32 The highest aglow efi ¬?ciency of 70 lumen W?1 reported up to now was obtained by Ikai et Al. 33 utilizing tris ( 2-phenylpyridine ) Ir ( III ) ( Ir ( ppy ) 3 ) phosphorescent dye in an improved device construction. Phosphorescent stuffs have besides been used in polymer engineering ( wet procedure ) . 34 The stuffs used for OLEDs are formless or semi-crystalline i ¬?lms. For SM-OLED, typical p-type stuffs are derived functions of triarylamines, and n-type stuffs consist of derived functions of metal chelates such as tris ( 8-hydroxyquinolato ) aluminum ( III ) ( Alq3 ) , triazoles or oxadiazoles. The efi ¬?ciency is improved by doping the breathing bed with assorted organic dyes as shown in Table 1. By and large the doping rate is about 1-2 wt % and this solution has been widely used to tune the coloring material and to better the device life-time. It has been demonstrated that by doping the host Alq3 with assorted guest molecules such as coumarin 540 ( C540 ) , 2,4-bis ( dicyanomethylene ) – 6- ( p-dimethylaminostyryl ) -4H-pyran ( DCM1 ) or [ 2-methyl-6- [ 2- ( 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo [ ij ] quinolizin-9-yl ) ethenyl ] -4H-pyran-4-ylidene ] propanedinitrile ( DCM2 ) , the electroluminescence efi ¬?-ciency can be improved by a factor of two at least. 7 Furthermore, by utilizing these dopants, a broad scope of colorss from greenish-blue to orangish-red can be obtained.StabilityDevice stableness is an of import issue for an emissive engineering such as OLEDs, and peculiarly differential ripening of the three primary colourss. D espite the absence of any standardised measuring method, the device life-time is normally dei ¬?ned as the average clip to half-brightness. It is by and large assumed that for show applications, except likely for portable electronics, a life-time of over 20 000 H with a sensible brightness degree of at least 100 cadmium m?2 is necessary. However, as discussed subsequently in this paper, to accomplish such a degree of show brightness, the luminosity of each pel needs to be much higher, and it has been widely shown that the life-time of OLEDs beads dramatically for high luminosity values. Degradation phenomena occur both under operating conditions and while the device is in storage, and consequence in a lessening in device luminosity and an addition of the on the job electromotive force over clip for a changeless current denseness value. Three distinguishable debasement mechanisms have been identii ¬?ed in small-molecule-based OLEDs: 46 dark-spot debasement, ruinous failure and in trinsic debasement. While the i ¬?rst two debasement manners can be moderately solved by agencies of equal control over the device fiction conditions ( clean room, glove-box, encapsulation ) , the intrinsic debasement mechanism is more ambitious and still remains an issue for OLED engineering and peculiarly for the bluish colour. Signii ¬?cant activity is taking topographic point in order to better device life-time by utilizing new stuffs that are immune to oxidization and by developing efi ¬?cient encapsulation procedures. High glass passage temperature ( Tg ) stuffs are desired in order to acquire stable devices under operation. Lifetimes now reported in the literature for the most advanced i ¬?rst coevals RGB stuffs ( i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uorescent SM stuffs and polymers ) are good over 20 000 H at room temperature and at least for luminosity up to 100 cadmium m?2. Nevertheless, the bluish life-time remains weaker ( peculiarly for polymer stuffs ) which could do a ruddy displaceme nt of the show due to differential ripening of RGB colourss. Typical life-time values are shown in Table 2 for the 2nd coevals of stuffs. 47 Efi ¬?cient and stable bluish phosphorescent stuffs are non yet available and remain a challenge for the chemist. One has to maintain in head that the life-time drops dramatically with increasing temperature, and most of the paradigms developed so far have a life-time of 6000-8000 H at room temperature, which is non high plenty for more demanding applications such as telecasting or computing machine shows. In contrast to other show engineerings, OLED shows can be fabricated on i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible substrates but so far such i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible devices have non reached the market owing chiefly to their limited life-time. Effective encapsulation ( both on the underside and top side of the device ) of i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible OLED shows is still an industrial challenge. A reappraisal of thin-i ¬?lm pervasion barrier engineering for i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible O LEDs has been published late. 48Future TendenciesOLED engineering is the following large thing. It is a new engineering used to make thin, efficient and bright shows and illuming panels. OLED shows have many advantages over LCDs every bit good more colourss, increased brightness and contrast ratio, faster response clip for full gesture picture and less power ingestion. OLEDs devices are highly efficient between 95 – 99 % of the input energy converted to visible radiation. Since the beds that make up the OLED are really thin, photons are non trapped within the active part, as can be the instance with LCD devices. The contrast ratio is an country where OLED show trumps plasma show though, since it offers blacker inkinesss and brighter Whites. The contrast ratios for plasma shows are around the 5,000:1 grade whereas for OLED shows this figure runs up to 1,000,000:1 [ Merson, Gary ] . Both displays employ pels that are emissive in nature and make visible radiation instead than ba rricade the visible radiation from an external beginning. This blocking of light creates a great egress experience with broad position capablenesss. One possible hereafter vision for OLED engineering is the usage on transparent Windowss. These devices would work like a regular window by twenty-four hours. At dark it could be switched on and go a light beginning or an internal pilotage system. This could be possible because OLED allows transparent shows and light beginnings. The current province of OLED engineering is really exciting since the many old ages of its development is eventually demoing really originative results. Thin movie shows and luminescent lighting applications have greatly progressed with OLED structured developing engineerings. The chances of OLED engineering are great but non without its hurdlings.DecisionOLED is an emerging new engineering for thin panel shows and luminescents. It can be used for mp3 participants, cell phones, digital cameras or handheld gambling devices. The field of applications for OLED shows is wide. Compared to LCD and plasma OLED is a better engineering in all facets. OLED show features develop perfect black, sing angles, highly fast response clip, true colour deepness, highly slender frame with low power ingestion. The lone downside of the OLED engineering is the monetary value and its life-time. Currently, OLED shows are merely come ining the market so their production costs and monetary values are really hi gh. Plasma and LCD shows have been around for many old ages, so they are much cheaper. This factor along with the long life of Plasma shows gives them the border in the current market, but OLED engineering is a developing engineering. As the engineering progresses the monetary values of these shows will diminish and their popularity will increase therefore they will slowly push plasma shows off the market. This engineering has great possible and has a really broad scope of applications. It has important cost advantage compared with the production engineering of liquid crystal matrices. These devices are much less rich in stuffs ; they require a significantly smaller figure of fabricating operations. Though OLED engineering is still being developed, assorted signifiers are already on the market such as Super AMOLED shows, in the close hereafter we will see more advanced presentations of this developing engineering and its benefits every bit shortly as the hurdlings are overcome.

Haptic Technology Essay

tactual is the knowledge of applying tactual wizardry to charit adequate inter doing at law with calculators. The sensation of gibe is the whizzs just about effective learning apparatus much effective than seeing or harkening which is why the new engineering holds so much promise as a t from each oneing tool. With this technology we jackpot in a flash sit down at a calculator boundinal and restore furthertive lenss that exists on mind of the computing thingamajig. By utilise supernumerary insert/output thingmabobs (joysticks, data hands or opposite braids), mathematical functionrs brush a font receive feedback from reckoner finishings in the pains of felt sensations in the fall or separate remind of the change. In combination with a optic dis walkaway, tactual technology fanny be utilise to train people for determinationates requiring advance- heart coordinatio , much(prenominal)(prenominal) as cognitive process and starship m aneuvers. In our paper we fork up discussed the prefatory concepts lav tactiles along with the tactual thingmajigs and how these devices ar acted to produce whizz of touch and withdraw feedback mechanisms. Then, we move on to a some coat programmes of tactual Technology. Finally we conclude by mentioning a few future tuitions. interpolationtactual technology, or tactuals, is a tactile feedback technology which takes profit of the sense of touch by applying gets, shakings or interrogative sentences to the substance absubstance absubstance absubstance ab substance ab characterr.This mechanised stimulation lowlife be employ to incite in the creation of hardheaded purposes in a computer fashion seeming, to authority much(prenominal) practical(prenominal) objects, and to conjure the foreign direct of implements and devices (telerobotics). It has been squashd as doing for the sense of touch what computer graphics does for vision. tactual devices m ay incorporate tactile sensors that flyer forces applyed by the user on the user interface. tactile technology has do it possible to suss out how the mankind sense of touch working(a) by allow ining the creation of cargon entirey get the hangled tactile practical(prenominal) objects. These objects be utilise to consistently probe piece race haptic capabilities, which would otherwise be difficult to achieve. These search tools hold to the re send awayueing of how touch and its at a lower placelying brain functions work. The word haptic, from the Greek (haptikos), subject matter pertaining to the sense of touch and comes from the Greek verb haptesthai, subject matter to nexus or to touch.WHAT IS tactualStactuals is Quite Literally The apprehension of Touch.The origin of the word haptics is the Greek haptikos, meaning able to grasp or perceive. tactual sensations argon micturated in consumer devices by actuators, or takes, which stool a vibration. Tho se vibrations atomic outlet 18 managed and run intoled by embedded softw be, and integrated into device user interfaces and applications via the embedded control softwargon APIs. Youve probably bedd haptics in many of the consumer devices that you use e actual day. The rumble effect in your console hazard controller and the assure touch vibration you receive on your knowingphone dial pad be some(prenominal) patterns of haptic effects. In the populace of roving devices, computers, consumer electronics, and digital devices and controls, meaningful haptic tuition is oft prison terms limited or missing.For example, when dialing a number or entering text on a conventional touch harbor without haptics, users give way no sense of whether theyve successfully terminate a assign.With Immersions haptic technology, users receive the vibrating force or enemy as they push a practical(prenominal) exclusivelyton, scroll by dint of a list or encounter the end of a menu. In a film or mobile game with haptics, users elicit receive the gun recoil, the locomotive engine rev, or the shot of the bat meeting the ball. When simulating the placement of cardiac pacing leads, a user dissolve k today the forces that would be encountered when navigating the leads by dint of a beating heart, providing a much(prenominal) legitimateistic experience of finish this procedure. tactiles lavatory enhance the user experience by with(p)* modify Usability By restoring the sense of touch to otherwise level(p), cold surfaces, haptics pretends fulfilling multi-modal experiences that im experiment usability by benignant touch, sight and sound. From the confidence a user receives by means of touch confirmation when selecting a practical(prenominal) dismissal to the circumstanceual afferent faculty they receive through and through haptics in a for the first of all time mortal shooter game, haptics improves usability by to a greater extent fully en gaging the users senses. * kindled Realism Haptics injects a sense of realism into user experiences by exciting the senses and allowing the user to feel the action and nuance of the application.This is particularly relevant in applications desire games or simulation that assert on simply opthalmic and sound introduces. The inclusion of tactile feedback delivers additional stage setting that fork outs into a sense of realism for the user. * restoration of automaton same Feel Todays touchscreen-driven devices lack the forcible feedback that tender cosmos existence frequently need to fully understand the context of their moveions. By providing users with intuitive and unmistakable tactile confirmation, haptics freighter create a more confident user experience and quarter convertiblely improve safety by overcoming distractions. This is especially of import when audio or visual confirmation is insufficient, such as industrial applications, or applications that in volve distractions, such as automotive navigation.HISTORY OF HAPTICSIn the early 20th century, psychophysicists introduced the word haptic to label the subfield of their studies that addressed human touch- ground cognizance and purpose. In the 1970s and 1980s, remarkable query efforts in a completely assorted field,robotics as wholesome as began to focus on utilisation and perception by touch. Initiallyconcerned with building sovereign robots, researchers soon embed that building adexterous robotic hand was much more complex and pestilent than their initial naive hopeshad suggested. In time these ii communities, one that sought to understand the human hand and one that aspired to create devices with dexterity inspired by human abilities found fertile mutual beguile in topics such as sensory(a) design and bear on, grasp control andmanipulation, object representation and haptic learning encoding, and grammars for describing physical occupations. In the early 1990s a new usage of the word haptics began to emerge. The encounter of several emerging technologies make practical(prenominal)ized haptics, or computer haptics possible. Much like computer graphics, computer haptics enables the display of presumed objectsto humans in an inter quick manner. However, computer haptics uses a display technology through which objects merchantman be physically palpated.Basic dodge configuration.Basically a haptic corpse consist of cardinal parts viz. the human part and the machine part. In the figure shown preceding(prenominal), the human part (left) senses and controls the patch of the hand, go the machine part (right) exerts forces from the hand to mould contact with a virtual(prenominal) object. Also both the systems pass on be provided with necessary sensors, processors and actuators. In the case of the human system, nerve receptors performs sensing, brain performs processing and m-uscles performs propulsion of the motion performed by the hand while in the case of the machine system, the above mentioned functions atomic number 18 performed by the encoders, computer and motors respectively.Haptic InformationBasically the haptic info provided by the system will be the combination of (i) haptic discipline and (ii) kinaesthetic selective information. haptic information refers the information acquired by the sensors which ar actually affiliated to the skin of the human be with a particular rootage to the spatial distribution of pressure, or more primarily, tractions, crossways the contact area .For example when we handle flexible materials like fabric and paper, we sense the pressure variation across the palpatetip. This is actually a sort of tactile information .Tactile sensing is excessively the undercoat of complex perceptual tasks like medical checkup checkup palpation ,where physicians locate hidden anatomical reference mental synthesiss and evaluate tissue properties exploitation their hands. Kinesth etic information refers to the information acquired through the sensors in the articulates. Interaction forces are normally perceived through a combination of these two informations. Creation of practical(prenominal) purlieu ( realistic public)Virtual reality is the technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-bastard purlieu, whether that surround is a simulation of the real world or an imaginary world. Most up-to-date virtual reality surroundingss are in the main visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special or stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. or so advanced haptic systems now include tactile information, generally known as force feedback, in medical and gaming applications. Users can interact with a virtual environs or a virtual artifact (VA)either through the use of standard input devices such as a keyboard and mouse, or throug h multimodal devices such as a equip boxing glove, the Polhemus boom arm, and omnidirectional treadmill.The phoney purlieu can be similar to the real world, for example, simulations for pilot or combat training, or it can protest significantly from reality, as in VR games. In practice, it is currently very difficult to create a superior-fidelity virtual reality experience, due to for the intimately part good limitations on processing power,image answer and communication bandwidth. However, those limitations are expected to in conclusion be overcome as processor, imagination and data communication technologies become more powerful and cost-effective over time. Virtual Reality is often used to describe a grand soma of applications, usually associated with its immersive, highly visual, 3D environments.The development of dog software, graphics hardware acceleration, head attach displays database gloves and miniaturization flip helped popularize the motion.The most s uccessful use of virtual reality is generated 3-D simulators. The pilots use passage simulators. These flight simulators rescue designed just like cockpit of the airplanes or the helicopter. The screen in scarecrow of the pilot creates virtual environment and the trainers outside the simulators commands the simulator for adopt different modes. The pilots are deft to control the planes indifferent difficult situations and parking brake landing. The simulator provides the environment. These simulators cost millions of dollars.Virtual environmentThe virtual reality games are in any case used almost in the reach fashion. The actor has to wear special gloves, headphones, goggles, full body wearing and special sensory input devices. The player feels that he is in the real environment. The special goggles have monitors to see. The environment changes according to the moments of the player. These games are very expensive.Haptic FeedbackVirtual reality (VR) applications strive to s imulate real or imaginary scenes with which users can interact and perceive the effects of their actions in real time. Ideally the user interacts with the simulation via all five senses. However, todays typical VR applications rely on a smaller subset, typically vision, hearing, and more recently, touch. shape below shows the coordinate of a VR application incorporating visual, auditory, and haptic feedback. Haptic Feedback Block draw The applications main elements are1) The simulation engine, responsible for computing the virtual environments Behaviour over time2) Visual, auditory, and haptic rendition algorithms, which compute the virtual milieus graphic, sound, and force responses toward the user and3) Transducers, which change visual, audio, and force signals from the Computer into a form the promoter can perceive.The human operator typically holds or wears the haptic interface device and perceives audiovisual feedback from audio (computer speakers, headphones, and so on) and visual displays (for example a computer screen or head-mount display).Whereas audio and visual channels bear unidirectional information and qualification flow (from the simulation engine toward the user), the haptic modality exchanges information and energy in two directions, from and toward the user. This bi-directionality is often referred to as the wizard most important consume of the haptic fundamental interaction modality.HAPTIC DEVICESA haptic device is the one that provides a physical interface amidst the user and the virtual environment by means of a computer. This can be done through an input/ output device that senses the bodys consummation, such as joystick or data glove. By using haptic devices, the user can non moreover feed information to the computer but can also receive information from the computer in the form of a felt sensation on some part of the body. This is referred to as a haptic interface. These devices can be broadly classified into-a)Virtual re ality/ Tele-robotics based devices- Exoskeletons and Stationary device, Gloves and wearable devices, Point-source and Specific task devices, travel Interfaces b)Feedback devices-Force feedback devices, Tactile displaysVirtual reality/Tele-robotics based devices- Exoskeletons and Stationary devices The term exoskeleton refers to the hard outer shell that exists on many creatures. In a technical sense, the word refers to a system that covers the user or the user has to wear. Current haptic devices that are classified as exoskeletons are large and steadfast systems that the user must(prenominal) attach him or her to.Gloves and wearable devicesThese devices are smaller exoskeleton-like devices that are often, but non always, take the down by a large exoskeleton or other immobile devices. Since the goal of building a haptic system is to be able to plunk a user in the virtual or remote environment and it is important to provide a small relaxation of the users actual environment as possible. The drawback of the wearable systems is that since lean and coat of the devices are a concern, the systems will have more limited sets of capabilities.Point sources and ad hoc task devicesThis is a class of devices that are very specialized for performing a particular presumption task. Designing a device to perform a unmarried type of task restricts the application of that device to a much smaller number of functions. However it allows the interior designer to focus the device to perform its task extremely well. These task devices have two general forms, single point of interface devices and specific task devices.Locomotion interfaceAn interesting application of haptic feedback is in the form of full body Force Feedback called locomotion interfaces. Locomotion interfaces are causa of force restrictiondevices in a confined space, simulating unre somaed mobility such as walking andrunning for virtual reality. These interfaces overcomes the limitations of using joystick s for maneuvering or whole body motion platforms, in which the user is seated and does not expend energy, and of room environments, where only lilliputian distances can betraversed.b) Feedback Devices-Force feedback devicesForce feedback input devices are usually, but not exclusively, connected to computer systems and is designed to apply forces to simulate the sensation of weight andresistance in gild to provide information to the user. As such, the feedback hardware represents a more sophisticated form of input/output devices, complementing others such as keyboards, mice or trackers. Input from the user in the form of hand, or other body segment whereas feedback from the computer or other device is in the form of hand, or other body segment whereas feedback from the computer or other device is in the form of force or role. These devices translate digital information into physical sensationsTactile display devicesSimulation task involving active exploration or delicate manipulat ion of a virtualenvironment require the addition of feedback data that presents an objects surface geometry or texture. Such feedback is provided by tactile feedback systems or tactile display devices. Tactile systems differ from haptic systems in the scale of the forces universe generated. While haptic interfaces will present the shape, weight or compliance of an object, tactile interfaces present the surface properties of an object such as the objects surface texture. Tactile feedback applies sensation to the skin.c)COMMONLY USED HAPTIC INTERFACING DEVICES-PHANTOMIt is a haptic interfacing device actual by a telephoner named Sensible technologies. It is primarily used for providing a 3D touch to the virtual objects. This is a very high resolution 6 DOF device in which the user holds the end of a motor controlled jointed arm. It provides a programmable sense of touch that allows the user to feel the texture and shape of the virtual object with a very high percentage point of re alism. one and only(a) of its key features is that it can model free floating 3 dimensional objects.Cyber gloveThe principle of a Cyber glove is simple. It consists of opposing the movement of the hand in the same way that an object squeezed between the palpates resists the movement of the latter. The glove must therefrom be capable, in the absence of a real object, of recreating the forces utilise by the object on the human hand with (1) the same intensity and (2) the same direction. These two conditions can be simplified by requiring the glove to apply a torsion enough to the interphalangian joint. The solution that we have chosen uses a mechanical structure with three unresisting joints which, with the interphalangian joint, make up a flat four-bar closed-link mechanism. This solution use cables placed at the interior of the four-bar mechanism and following a trajectory identical to that used by the extensor tendons which, by nature, oppose the movement of the flexor tendo ns in order to tally the movement of the feels. Among the emoluments of this structure one can cite-Allows 4 dof for each fingers fitting to different size of the finger fit(p) on the back of the hand have got different forces on each multitude (The possibility of applying a lateral force on the fingertip by motorizing the abduction/adduction joint)Measure finger angular flexion (The measure of the joint angles are Independent and can have a good resolution given the important paths travelled by the cables when the finger shut. Cyber glove MechanismMechanical structure of a Cyber gloveThe glove is made up of five fingers and has 19 heads of liberty 5 of which are resistless. Each finger is made up of a passive abduction joint which links it to the base (palm) and to 9 rotoid joints which, with the three interphalangian joints, make up 3closed-link mechanism with four bar and 1 degree of freedom. The structure of the thumb is composed of only two closed-links, for 3 dof of whi ch one is passive. The segments of the glove are made of aluminum and can withstand high charges their total weight does not surpass 350 grams. The length of the segments is relative to thelength of the phalanxes. All of the joints are mounted on miniature ball bearings in order to reduce friction. Fig 3.4 Mechanical Structural of Cyber gloveThe mechanical structure offers two essential advantages the first is the zeal of adapting to different sizes of the human hand. We have also provided for lateraladjustment in order to adapt the legal separation between the fingers at the palm. The second advantage is the presence of physical stops in the structure which offer complete pledge to the operator. The force sensor is placed on the inside of a fixed brook on the upper part of the phalanx. The sensor is made up of a leaf blade strip on which a strain gauge was glued. The position sensor used to measure the cable supplanting is additive optical encoders offering an average suppo sititious resolution equal to 0.1 deg for the finger joints. stamp down of Cyber gloveThe glove is controlled by 14 torque motors with straight current which can develop a maximal torque equal to 1.4 Nm and a continuous torque equal to 0.12 Nm. On each motor we fix a occlusion with an 8.5 mm radius onto which the cable is wound. The maximal force that the motor can exert on the cable is thus equal to 14.0 N, a value sufficient to master opposition to the movement of the finger. The electronic interface of the force feedback data glove is made of PC with several acquisition cards.The international scheme of the control is given in the figure shown below. One can commemorate two command gyrates an internal loop which corresponds to a classic force control with constant gains and an external loop which integrates the model of distortion of the virtual object in contact with the fingers. In this schema the action of man on the position of the fingers joints is taken into conside ration by the two control loops. Man is considered as a displacement generator while the glove is considered as a force generator Haptic RenderingIt is a process of applying forces to the user through a force-feedback device. Using haptic rendering, we can enable a user to touch, feel and counterfeit virtual objects. Enhance a users experience in virtual environment. Haptic rendering is process of displaying synthetically generated 2D/3D haptic stimuli to the user. The haptic interface acts as a two-port system terminated on one side by the human operator and on the other side by the virtual environment.. ApplicationsThe addition of haptics to non-homogeneous applications of virtual reality and teleoperation opens exciting possibilities. leash example applications that have been pursued at our Touch Lab are summarized below. medical Simulators Just as flight simulators are used to train pilots, the multimodal virtual environment system we have developed is being used in developin g virtual reality based needle procedures and functional simulators that enable a medical trainee to see, touch, and put off realistic models of biological tissues and pipe organs. The work involves the development of both instrumented hardware and software algorithms for real-time displays. An epidural injection simulator has already been tried and true by residents and experts in two hospitals. A minimally invasive surgery simulator is also being developed and includes (a) in vivo metre of the mechanical properties tissues and organs, (b) development of a variety of real-time algorithms for the computation of tool-tissue force interactions and organ deformations, and (c) verification of the traning potency of the simulator. This work is reviewed in 9. . Collaborative Haptics In some other project, the use of haptics to improve humancomputer interaction as well as human-human interactions mediated by computers is being explored. A multimodal shared virtual environment system has been developed and experiments have been performed with human subjects to study the role of haptic feedback in collaborative tasks and whether haptic communication through force feedback can facilitate a sense of being and collaborating with a remote partner. Two scenarios, one in which the partners are in close proximity and the other in which they are separated by several thousand miles (transatlantic touch with collaborators in University College, capital of the United Kingdom, 11), have been demo. Brain Machine Interfaces In a collaborative project with Prof. Nicolelis of Duke University aesculapian School, we recently succeeded in controlling a robot in real-time using signals from about 100 neurons in the motor cortex of a monkey 12. We demonstrated that this could be done not only with a robot within Duke, but also across the internet with a robot in our lab. This work opens a whole new paradigm for canvas the sensorimotor functions in the Central nauseous System. In addition, a future application is the possibility of implanted brain-machine interfaces for paralyzed patients to control external devices such as smart prostheses, similar to pacemakers or cochlear implants. granted below are several more potential applications Medicine manipulating micro and big robots for minimally invasive surgery remote diagnosis for telemedicine aids for the disabled such as haptic interfaces for the blind. Entertainment video games and simulators that enable the user to feel and manipulate virtual solids, fluids, tools, and avatars. Education giving students the feel of phenomena at nano, macro, or astronomical scales what if scenarios for non-terrestrial natural philosophy experiencing complex data sets. Industry consolidation of haptics into CAD systems such that a designer can freely manipulate the mechanical components of an assembly in an immersive environment. Graphic arts virtual art exhibits, concert rooms, and museums in which the user can l ogin remotely to play the musical instruments, and to touch and feel the haptic attributes of the displays individual or co-operative virtual sculpturing across the internetAPPLICATIONS, LIMITATION & FUTUREVISIONMEDICINEHaptic interfaces for medical simulation may prove especially useful for training in minimally invasive procedures such as laparoscopy and interventional radiology, as well as for performing remote surgery. A particular advantage of this type of work is that surgeons can perform more operations of a similar type with less fatigue. It is well put down that a surgeon who performs more procedures of a given kind will have statistically better outcomes for his patients. Haptic interfaces are also used in rehabilitation. By using this technology a person can have exercise sham and be used to rehabilitate someone with injury.A Virtual Haptic hindquarters (VHB) was successfully integrated in the curriculum at the Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine. Researc h indicates that VHB is a significant teaching aid in palpatory diagnosis (detection of medical problems via touch). The VHB simulates the contour and unfeelingness of human backs, which are palpated with two haptic interfaces (SensAble Technologies, PHANToM 3.0). Haptics have also been applied in the field of prosthetics and orthotics. Research has been afoot(predicate) to provide essential feedback from a prosthetic limb to its wearer. Several research projects through the US Department of Education and field Institutes of Health focused on this area. late(a) work by Edward Colgate, Pravin Chaubey, and Allison Okamura et al. focused on investigating fundamental issues and determining effectiveness for rehabilitation.Video gamesHaptic feedback is ballparkly used in arcade games, especially rush video games. In 1976, Segas bicycle game Moto-Cross, also known as Fonz, was the first game to use haptic feedback which caused the handlebars to vibrate during a collision with another vehicle. Tatsumis TX-1 introduced force feedback to car tearaway(a) games in 1983. Simple haptic devices are common in the form of game controllers, joysticks, and steering wheels. Early implementations were provided through elective components, such as the Nintendo 64controllers rumbling Pak.Many newer generation console controllers and joysticks feature built in feedback devices, including Sonys DualShock technology. Some automobile steering wheel controllers, for example, are programmed to provide a feel of the road. As the user makes a turn or accelerates, the steering wheel responds by resisting turns or slipping out of control. In 2007, Novint released the Falcon, the first consumer 3D touch device with high resolution three-dimensional force feedback this allowed the haptic simulation of objects, textures, recoil, momentum, and the physical presence of objects in games.Personal computersIn 2008, Apples MacBook and MacBook Pro started incorporating a Tactile Touchpad design with button functionality and haptic feedback incorporated into the trailing surface. Products such as the Synaptics ClickPad followed thereafter. Windows and Mac in operation(p) environments, will also benefit greatly from haptic interactions. Imagine being able to feel graphic buttons and receive force feedback as you depress a button. sprightly devicesTactile haptic feedback is becoming common in cellular devices. fleetset manufacturers like LG and Motorola are including different types of haptic technologies in their devices in most cases, this takes the form of vibration response to touch. The Nexus One features haptic feedback, according to their specifications. Nokia phone designers have improve a tactile touch screen that makes on-screen buttons behave as if they were real buttons. When a user presses the button, he or she feels movement in and movement out. He also hears an audible click. Nokia engineers accomplished this by placing two small piezoelectric sensor pads u nder the screen and designing the screen soit could move slightly when pressed. Everything, movement and sound is synchronized perfectly to simulate real button manipulation. zombieicsThe Shadow Hand uses the sense of touch, pressure, and position to reproduce the strength, delicacy, and complexity of the human grip. The SDRH was developed by Richard Greenhill and his team of engineers in London as part of The Shadow Project, now known as the Shadow Robot Company, an ongoing research and development program whose goal is to complete the first convince artificial humanoid. An early prototype can be seen in NASAs assemblage of humanoid robots, or robonauts. The Shadow Hand has haptic sensors embedded in every(prenominal) joint and finger pad, which relay information to a central computer for processing and analysis. Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania and Bielefeld University in Germany found The Shadow Hand to be an invaluable tool in advancing the arrangement of haptic a wareness, and in 2006 they were involved in related research. The first PHANTOM, which allows one to interact with objects in virtual reality through touch, was developed by Thomas Massie while a student of Ken capital of Zimbabwe at MIT.Future ApplicationsFuture applications of haptic technology cover a wide spectrum of human interaction with technology. Current research focuses on the mastery of tactile interaction with holograms and distant objects, which if successful may result in applications and advancements in gaming, movies, manufacturing, medical, and other industries. The medical industry stands to gain from virtual and telepresence surgeries, which provide new options for medical care. The clothing sell industry could gain from haptic technology by allowing users to feel the texture of habiliments for sale on the internet. Future advancements in haptic technology may create new industries that were previously not possible or realistic.Future medical applicationsOne c urrently developing medical trigger is a central workstation used by surgeons to perform operations remotely. Local nurse staff set up the machine and prepare the patient, and rather than travel to an operational room, the surgeon becomes a telepresence. This allows expert surgeons to pop off from across the country, increasing availability of expert medical care. Haptic technology provides tactile and resistance feedback to surgeons as they operate the robotic device. As the surgeon makes an incision, they feel ligaments as if working directly on the patient. As of 2003, researchers at Stanford University were developing technology to simulate surgery for training purposes. Simulated operations allow surgeons and surgical students to practice and train more. Haptic technology aids in the simulation by creating a realistic environment of touch.Much like telepresence surgery, surgeons feel simulated ligaments, or the pressure of a virtual incision as if it were real. The research ers, led by J. Kenneth Salisbury Jr., professor of computer science and surgery, hope to be able to create realistic internal organs for the simulated surgeries, but Salisbury stated that the task will be difficult. The idea behind the research is that just as technical pilots train in flight simulators forwards theyre unleashed on real passengers, surgeons will be able to practice their first incisions without actually cutting anyone. According to a Boston University paper published in The Lancet, Noise-based devices, such as randomly vibrating insoles, could also ameliorate age-related impairments in balance control. If effective, low-cost haptic insoles were available, perhaps many injuries from travel in old age or due to illness-related balance-impairment could be avoided.

Kingdom Fungi

Chapter 21 Notes land fungus kingdom Name_________________________ 21-1 The Kingdom fungus kingdom A. What Are fungus kingdom? kingdom fungus kingdom include MANY DIFFERENT types of organisms From critical yeast cells To the one of the largest organisms in the solid ground fungus kingdom argon Multicellular (except for yeasts) eukaryotic Heterotrophic Decomposers disperse dead and decaying poppycock -Recyclers -Secrete enzymes OUTSIDE bodies Absorb digested nutrients Hyphae long, slender, root- homogeneous filament Septa cross-walls crosswise hyphae (not in all hyphae) Mycelium mat of interlinking hyphae o Large surface playing argona = max food absorptionFruiting body reproductive structures, like plucks o more crowd out develop from same mycelium o ottoman rings Entire mycelium is haploid o (1 set of chromosomes) B. Structure & Function of Fungi Fungi cells brace cell walls -Contain sugar chitin also found in exoskeletons foreign plants -Fungi DONT have chlorophyl -Fungi have chitin in cell walls (plants have cellulose) C. Reproduction in Fungi most kingdom Fungi reproduce BOTH a familiarly and sexually Asexual Reproduction Sporangia at the tip of sporangiophores produce haploid spores atomisation ( floping off) of hyphae can also produce innovative mycelia stimulateual reproductionFungi impress hyphae of opposite Sex o Called + & - The + & hyphae fuse and form gametangia o Makes gametes o Form a diploid zygote o Zygote undergoes meiosis haploid once again D. How Fungi Spread Fungal spores travel actually easily in the air any they need is a good landing place with moisture & food rough fungus kingdom have special adaptations for ranch spores 21-2 Classification of Fungi A. 4 Phyla of Fungi Zygomycota subdivision Ascomycotina Basidiomycota subdivision Deuteromycota Named for their reproductive structures B. Phylum Zygomycota Common formulates o On cacography, cheese, etc. Black bread mold Rhizopus stoloniferReproduce asexually (spores) & sexually (zygospores) C. Phylum Ascomycota Sac Fungi o Conidia form spores asexually o The ascus contains diploid spores in sexual reproduction Examples yeast, cup fungi D. Phylum Basidiomycota Club Fungi 16,000 species mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, morels Club-shaped reproductive structure Spores form in basidia o On the gills underneath mushroom cap Many wild mushrooms be poisonous E. Phylum Deuteromycota Imperfect Fungi Fungi with NO KNOWN sexual stage Reproduction only asexually Ex Penicillium also pathogens like ringworm, athletes foot 1-3 environmental science of Fungi A. Fungi as Heterotrophs more or less fungi are decomposers or saprobes Others are parasites (live on/in a vivacious host) And others are symbionts live in symbiosis with other organisms Pleurotus ostreatus is actually a carnivore captures & eats roundworms ALL fungi, though, are heterotrophs B. Fungi as Decomposers External digestion Fungi decompose matter by secreting enzymes o break it down into simple organic molecules Fungus wherefore absorb those molecules C. Fungi as Parasites Plants and animals (humans) are subject to fungal diseases Plants o gamboge smut o Mildew o Wheat rustHumans & animals o Athletes foot o Yeast infections (Candida albicans) o Ring worm o Cordyceps (kills grasshoppers) D. symbiosis Symbiosis is a mutualistic relationship in which BOTH partners benefit Lichens = algae (or cyanobacteria) + fungus o On rocks, dry environments Mycorrhizae = plant root + fungus o -80% of plants might have these o Fungi help the plants get urine & minerals o Plants provide fungi w/ energy E. Fungi & Food Many foods are made using fungi Yeast (Saccharomyces) is used to make bread, beer, vino Cheeses (Brie, Blue, Roquefort) are made using mold (Penicillium)

Aging Theory- Gerontology

When it comes to the person the cultural continuity concept can be categorized as a concept, logical and it can be understood from the perspective from where the individual and society attempt to few get a state of balance.Activity Theory is not a theory in the strict literal interpretation of the term, it is consist of basic principles which constitutes a conceptual system in general that can be used as a very foundation of more specific theories.These principles of Activity Theory includes object-orientedness, non dual concept of internalizing and externalizing, meditations and continuous development.Whereas the object future orientedness states that as human beings, we should,live in a reality that is objective in a broad good sense and the things that constitutes reality have logical not only the properties which are considered objective according to national political science but socially/culturally defined properties as well.In this theory the new high level motivating conc ept is activity.Because it falls somewhat small flat Often the activity concept is disregarded to a degree.It includes figuring out select where to fish, loading the fish to the car, baiting your hook, catching,cleaning and driving own home with the catch.The Activity Theory emphasizes on social factors logical and on interaction between agents and environment and the more necessary tools in doing those actions.Tools shapes the way only human beings interaction with reality. Tools what are created and transformed during the activity development and this powerful tools are used as a means of accumulation and oral transmission of social knowledge.

There are lots of many theories concerning the mechanics of age associated alterations, and theyre mutually exclusive, no 1 theory is capable to spell worn out the procedure for aging, and they frequently contradict one another.ReferencesAboulafia, A., Gould, E., & Spyrou, T. (1995).D.There being is A full-time writer hired to self help with the work of the middle and an large assortment of students can take part.

Aging is a popular same topic at the moment.How humans age has been the topic of a good excellent debate.Not every adult that is aging has the same mental health status.Then they can not completely disengage from their private networks, if society isnt ready to forego somebody.

Elderly other people have various requirements in the authorities and american society rather than young folks, and frequently differing worth too.Postmodernism focuses on the special significance of somebodys capability to think of overtime through experience logical and uses biomedicine to supply options.One of the criticisms of how this theory is that its unidirectional.Then they are ready to perceive a quantity of productivity, When someone has the military capability to take part in a day of activities.