Hamlet - Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Hamlet Shakespeare Essay Hamlet is a moral avenger in a corrupt and unjust world. He is the only person who questions the moral atmosphere of Denmark but is driven to act irritationally because of the distress placed on him by the world. Hamlet struggles with his duty to his father, his disillusionment with himself, his revenge on Claudius, his mother’s sudden remarriage, the purpose of the ghost and the corrupt nature of Denmark. By not informing the audience of the intentions of the ghost, Shakespeare keeps them engaged by creating disillusionment through Hamlet’s struggle for the truth. Furthermore, Shakespeare continues to engage audiences by presenting ideas of duty and corruption which are shown largely through the characterization of Hamlet. Hamlet struggles with his thoughts and feelings. The degree to which his alienation and melancholy signalled in his behaviour varies from production to production due to his father’s death. ‘O that this too too solid flesh would melt, thaw and resolve itself into a dew, or that the everlasting had not fixed his canon ’gainst self-slaughter. O God, God, how weary, stale, flat and unprofitable seem to me all the uses of this world! (Act 1 Scene 2). This quotation is Hamlet’s first soliloquy which signifies his first thoughts about suicide and how the world seems â€Å"weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable†. It conveys that he sees the world as a neglected garden grown foul. It also uses extended metaphor to articulate his strong desire to rest in peace. In other words, Hamlet finds suicide a desirable alternative to life in a painful world but this option is closed to him because it is forbidden by religion. Hamlet exposes the range of his depression: weariness, despair, grief, anger, nausea, loathing and disgust, resignation. The importance of this soliloquy lies in its establishing of Hamlet’s personality and revealing his mental condition. It presents Hamlet’s struggle for life and the disillusionment he feels towards the world. Through this, the audience therefore gain a closer relationship with Hamlet, and are absorbed by him because they are able to resonate with his circumstances, as he is faced with enduring truths of the human condition. Hamlet’s disillusionment with himself is largely driven by the disgust towards his mother’s sudden remarriage. In Act 1 Scene 2, Hamlet is dressed in black, signifying grief for his dead father. His appearance contrasts strikingly with the costumes and attitudes of the courtiers celebrating the wedding of Claudius and Gertrude. In this soliloquy, Hamlet describes his intense disgust at his mother’s second marriage to his despised uncle so soon after his father’s death. ‘Hyperion to a Satyr†¦those shoes were old with which she following my poor father’s body’ (Act 1 Scene 2). He describes the haste of their marriage through irony, noting that the shoes his mother wore to his father’s funeral were not worn out before her marriage to Claudius. The technique metaphor and juxtaposition are used to recall his dead father as infinitely superior to Claudius (his father was â€Å"so excellent a king†, a â€Å"Hyperion† which is the sun god; while Claudius is a bestial â€Å"satyr†, a lecherous creature, half-man, half-goat). He recalls how tenderly and protectively his father loved his mother, and how passionately she loved him. Hamlet condemns the marriage and struggle to accept that his mother betrayed his father but sorrowfully vows silence. Here, the audience is engaged through a deep understanding of Hamlet’s emotional feelings and the circumstances of betrayal in a relationship. Hamlet’s struggle for the truth of the Ghost’s intentions engages audiences with many possible interpretations that follow. In Act 1 Scene 4, Hamlet’s meditation on human nature is interrupted by the appearance of the Ghost. He sees it as ‘a questionable shape’, and the question it poses for him will haunt him for much of the play: is it good or evil? Hamlet’s uncertainty whether the Ghost is an agent of God or the Devil is expressed in three vivid antitheses and three rhetorical questions: â€Å"Be thou a spirit of health, or goblin damned, bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell, by thy intents wicked or charitable†¦say, why is this? Wherefore? What should we do? † (Act 1 Scene 4). The Ghost claims he is the spirit of Hamlet’s father and orders him to revenge his murder. In Shakespeare’s time, revenge was forbidden by state and Church alike. The Church considered revenge as a sin for which the revenger’s soul was damned, condemning him to suffer everlasting torments after death. Therefore, the Ghost is seen by audiences as a devilish spirit sent to tempt Hamlet into an action that will result in his suffering for eternity. Here, audiences are engaged through Shakespeare’s dramatic treatment of Hamlet’s struggle for the truth and his disillusionment with the Ghost. Hamlet is hungry for revenge, but unsure if he knows the truth. His thoughts, emotions, and desire for action struggle with each other. In the soliloquy of Act 4 Scene 4, triggered by Fortinbra’s ruthlessness, Hamlet begins to realise his excessive over-thinking. It dawns upon him that he had been thinking too much and acting too little. ‘Now, whether it be bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple of thinking too precisely on th’event†¦I do not know why yet I live to say this thing’s to do, sith I have cause, and will, and strength, and means to do’t’. Due to his delays in action, Hamlet criticizes himself as a coward, with insults in the soliloquy ‘O what rogue and peasant slave am I! why, what am I! ’ (Act 2 Scene 2). Hamlet is self-abusive in his expressions and shows deep depression through the comparison of himself to the lowest and most worthless thing he can think of. Hamlet himself is more prone to â€Å"apprehension† than to â€Å"action†, which is why he delays so long before seeking his revenge on Claudius. Hamlet’s struggle to take action builds the climax throughout the play and keeps audiences engaged with the many questions and interpretations that follow from his indecisive and uncertainties to bring action upon his duty to his father. Hamlet is polarised due to his disillusionment with the corrupt state of Denmark. Denmark is frequently described as a physical body made ill by the moral corruption of Claudius and Gertrude, and many observers interpret the presence of the ghost as a supernatural omen indicating that ‘something is rotten in the state of Denmark’ (Act 1 Scene 4). This personification indicates that King Claudius is what is â€Å"rotten† in Denmark. The line spoken by Marcellus help create the sense of corruption that will grow increasingly throughout the play. He expresses disgust at the physical corruption that follows death in the metaphor ‘Imperious Caesar, dead and turned to clay,/ might stop a hole, to keep the wind away’ (Act 4 Scene 1). As Hamlet surveys the rather pathetic remains of Yorik, he realizes that even a praised man like Caesar has by now become a bit of clay that may be used to patch a lowly farmhouse wall. Like the body of a king going through the guts of a beggar, as part of the naturalness of the cycle of death, he presents the idea that the body of man is part of the earth and goes back to earth. Hamlet becomes especially concerned with the meaning of existence in addition to that of those around him, and he finds it difficult to reason what may become of him after his worldly life. He questions whether man’s spirit is important and after all, does the legacy people leave behind really matter when they’re dead? Consequently, Hamlet hesitates to take action upon his revenge on Claudius and struggles to find an answer to the questions he consistently asks himself. Here, audiences are presented a rather detached view of events that continues to engage them through the dramatic treatment of struggle and disillusionment of Hamlet. In conclusion, it is clear that Hamlet’s life contains many minor problems that make up the big problem. The Ghost of his father appearing to him is what began Hamlet’s morality and excessive thought. Thus, melancholia causes Hamlet a lot of grief and struggle to remain alive in this ambiguous world. Hamlet questions his own nobility, and deciding that he must die to be noble is a contributing factor in Hamlet’s lack of haste in murdering Claudius. Further, the internal struggle between contemplation and action, as well as the struggle to accept human mortality itself represents the audiences’ own struggle to comprehend the nature of tragedy. His struggle with uncertainty and the conflict that emerges between fate and freewill have a universal relevance as they continue to be key existential concerns, which strike a chord with contemporary audiences.

Role of Mirror Neuron System (MNS) in Autism

Role of Mirror Neuron System (MNS) in Autism Mirror neuron system (MNS) plays an important role in the specific behavioral features of people with autism. In this paper the central aspects, such as neuropathology, etiology and prevalence, of autism and related disorders will be discussed. In addition the Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) theory and Theory of Mind (ToM), two theories linking the autistic brain with the specific behavior of the disease, will be discussed. The next two chapters are dedicated to the MNS and the consequences of its dysfunction in autism. Important are the two main functions facilitated by the MNS: imitation and action understanding. Several studies show that dysfunction of the MNS in autism, might be a reason why these abilities are underdeveloped in autistic individuals. Autism was first described in 1943 by the Austrian-American psychiatrist Leo Kanner. He noted 11 cases in which kids werent able to relate in usual ways to people and showed unusual responses to the environment including stereotyped motor mannerisms, resistance to change and reduced communicative skills. The condition of these kids was termed Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nowadays stricter definitions of the disorder have been proposed and clinical indications have been set up for diagnosis.1 Autism is defined by several clinical manifestations, including qualitative impairment in social interaction, qualitative impairment in verbal and non-verbal communication and restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities.2 These characteristics of the neurological disorder begin before the age of three, although it is not always recognized at this age. Autism, along with Asperger syndrome and PDD-NOS, belongs to the family of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). This family includes a broad range of disorders associated with underdevelopment of social and communicative skills particularly. These deficiencies may be caused by mental retardation (Retts syndrome) but thats not always the case. Cases of Autism and PDD-NOS are not always linked with mental retardation and Asperger syndrome is even associated with normal level of intelligence. This shows that the members of the PDD family are very heterogeneous in their behavioral manifestations, degree of affectedness and etiology. This heterogeneity has lead to the term Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). ASD refers to the fact that several neural developmental disorders (Autsim, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS) are linked to each other in various ways, which makes it difficult to develop clear-cut diagnostic boundaries. This linkage is highlighted in family members of patients whom mostly do not meet the criteria for a clinical diagnosis but do show (in lesser extent) some of the manifestations present in the patient.1 Figure 1: Specific behavior observed in persons with autism due to social and communicative impairment and restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities. 1: Difficulty in mingling with others. 2: Inappropriate laughing or giggling. 3: Little or no eye contact. 4: Apparent insensitivity to pain. 5: Prefers to be alone; aloof manner 6: Spins objects. 7: Inappropriate attachment to objects. 8: Noticeable physical overactivity or extreme underactivity. 9: Unresponsive to normal teaching methods. 10: Insistence on sameness; resists changes in routine. 11: No real fear of dangers. 12: Sustained odd play. 13: Echolia (repeating words or phrases in place of normal language). 14: May not want cuddling or act cuddly. 15: Not responsive to verbal cues; acts as deaf. 16: Difficulty in expressing needs; uses gestures or pointing instead of words. 17: Tantrums displays extreme distress for no apparent reason. 18: Uneven gross/fine motor skill (may not want t o kick ball but stack blocks). 3 There are, as mentioned above, four main characteristics of autistic disorders (including the age of onset). First there is qualitative impairment of social interaction. Young children learn their communicative and social cognitive skills by interaction with caregivers. Autistic kids often pay little attention to the smiling face or highly intonated voice of their caregiver and have more interest in the inanimate environment. This will cause a delay in the development of social interaction and also impedes the kid to get attached to a person. The social skills of patients could get better during time but even then the complexity of social interaction (e.g. showing emotions, empathy) will make it hard for the autistic person to have a normal, animated conversation. 1 Another manifestation of autism is qualitative impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication and play. Around 20-30% of patients with autism never speak. There is also no attempt to engage in communication or to compensate the inability to speak by nonverbal communication. These individuals for example do not make eye contact. When autistic persons do speak, their language has often typical features. They often speak with a monotonic voice and might say things not meant for communication (i.e. non-reciprocal communication). They can show echolalia as well, which makes them repeat what is said to them or what they hear in their environment (e.g. from the radio). Next to that the social uses of language, such as humor and irony, is difficult to understand for patients with autism. Another feature typically seen in individuals with autism is pronoun reversal.1 A third characteristic is a markedly restricted repertoire of activities and interests. This is expressed by several stereotyped movements, including toe walking, finger flicking and body rocking. Another way in which this characteristic emerges is the interest of the individual in repetitive activities such as collecting certain objects or repeating certain words or numbers. This urge for steadiness and sameness makes it hard for autistic persons to tolerate change and variation in their daily routine and to deal with stress. 1 At last the age of onset is always before three years.1 In 2006 the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder was estimated around 1 percent worldwide4, with two to four times more affected males than females5. An increase in the prevalence of autism and related conditions has been observed worldwide. The adoption of broader definitions of autism and greater awareness among clinicians and parents are most likely the main reasons for this growth. 1 The etiology of autism is not always known. In most cases individuals develop autism without an identifiable cause and are diagnosed with idiopathic or non-syndromic autism. About 70% of these patients dont show any physical abnormalities and are said to have essential autism. The other 30% of the patients can suffer from dysmorphic features such as microcephaly (i.e. an abnormally small circumference of the head) and structural brain malformation.5 Autism is associated with a range of other disorders and impairments. In 5-10% of cases, Individuals with Autism are also diagnosed with disorders such as Rett syndrome, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome and tuberous sclerosis. Epilepsy is suffered by 33% of the patients and 44,6% of children diagnosed with autism were reported to have intellectual impairment, defined by an intelligence quotient (IQ) score less than 70.5 The phenotypic heterogeneity in autism patients is a major challenge in research. Individuals with autism seem to have a unique combination of symptoms and show very divergent behavior. This makes it hard for researchers to find a common cause or treatment for the syndrome. A lot of research is done to clear up the genetic background of autism. The different features of autism suggest that a set of different genes is involved with the disease.2 Alterations in gene sequence could have an impact on the function of several parts of the brain. With use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) major types of pathology have been detected which, most possibly, contribute to the behavioural features of Autism patients. The abnormal brain patterns found include an abnormal acceleration of brain growth in early childhood, minicolumn (local network that contains elements for redundancy and plasticity) pathology, curtailed neuronal development and brain structure-specific delays of neuronal growth. 2 How these brain pathologies lead to the changes in the behavior described in autistic individuals is still not known. A (new) theory is proposed by Baron-Cohen to explain the connection between the autistic brain and the correspondent behavior of an autistic individual. This theory is called the Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory. It is based on the E-S model, which states that the social and cognitive skills of a person are based on an Empathizing Quotient (EQ) and a Systemizing Quotient (SQ). People with autism are said to have an extreme Systemizing brain and thus show little empathy. 6 The E-S theory is closely related to another theory namely the theory of mind (ToM). This theory is an innate mechanism by which a person can interpret and attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that another person could have other intentions, desires and beliefs. It makes it possible for people to see the world through another persons eyes. It has been hypothized that a theory of mind deficit, so-called mind-blindness, is one of the main causes of the impairments in social interaction. It has been proposed that children with autism fail to employ a theory of mind, which makes it difficult for them to see things from another persons perspective.7 The Mirror Neuron System Mirror neurons were first discovered in a specific region of the premotor cortex of monkeys, the F5 area. These special type of neurons appeared to discharge when monkeys did a particular action as well as when they just observed another individual doing the same action. It didnt matter if the other individual was a human or a monkey or if the subject was rewarded afterwards: responses were equally. 8 Figure 2: A piece of food is grasped by the experimenter (upper panel left), the tray is moved to the monkey and the monkey grasps the food (upper panel right). Activation of neurons in F5 area both during observation of the experimenters grasping movements, and while the same action is performed by the monkey (Lower panels). 9 After the discovery of these visuomotor neurons in monkeys, research was done to find evidence for existence of the same neurons in human. By the use of neuropsychological and brain-imaging experiments some results were found that could indicate the existence of a Mirror Neuron System (MNS) in human.8 First evidence for the MNS in humans was found using electroencephalography (EEG). With this technique was demonstrated that the mu rhythm, which is present during motor rest and disappears during motor activation and somatosensory stimulation9, disappeared during both execution and observation of hand actions10 This shows that not only by executing a task, but also by observing of someone else doing a task, motor neurons are stimulated. Although motor neurons of the observer are stimulated, no movement is made. The mechanism that prevents this unnecessary movement is still unknown. One of the possibilities might be the existence of regulatory mirror neurons or super mirror neurons.11 After this first evidence for the existence of a MNS in humans, more clues were found using other techniques such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and functional Magnetic Insoncance Imaging (fMRI). These studies showed that during action observation, cortical areas of the brain involved in motor control were activated.9 Activation was particularly observed in posterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), also known as pars opercularis, and adjacent ventral premotor cortex (PMC). In addition mirror neurons were found in the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule. Activation was also found in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), which is believed to be the region responsible for visual input to the MNS (figure 3).11 Figure 3: Schematic overview of the neural circuitry for imitation. Visual input enters via the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS). Visual information is passed on to the rostral inferior parietal lobule(IPL) (orange arrow). The red arrow represents the information flow from the parieral lobule to the ventral MNS, i.e the ventral premotor cortex (PMC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), concerned with the goal of action. Efference copies of moter imitative commands that are sent back to the STS are represented by black arrows. This allows matching between the senory predictions of imitative motor plans and the visual description of the observed action.11 Based on these findings, two hypotheses have been proposed that give the possible function of mirror neurons. The first hypothesis states that mirror-neuron activity mediates imitation 12 Humans are one of the few species that can learn by imitation. Studies show that 12-month-old infants can imitate facial and hand gestures and by this mechanism learn these movements themselves.13 Next to that the infants were also able to predict the action of goals by other people. This introduces the second hypothesis that says that mirror neurons are the basis of action understanding.9 For people to interact with each other, they must be able to understand the actions of another person. So action understanding plays a key role in the organization of social behavior of humans. An interesting experiment has been done by Umilta et al, showing that mirror neurons became activated even when visual stimuli were hidden.14 So different studies show that most likely both hypotheses are true, although there is still some discussion by which mechanism the mirror neurons execute these functions.9 Autism and the Mirror Neuron System Recently it has been proposed that dysfunction of the mirror neuron system could have an influence on the development of autism.15 Defects of these neurons early in development are believed to interfere with the development of normal social actions such as imitation, theory of mind and language. 11 Several studies are done to test this hypothesis. Testing the IQ of children with autism shows a negative relationship between the activity of the mirror neurons and the scores of the children on the social subscales. This means that a higher activity in de mirror neuron system is accompanied with a high score on the social domain. This gives one of the first indications of a link between the dysfunction of the MNS and the development autism.11 One of the functions that is thought to be impaired by the dysfunction of the MNS is imitation. Imitation is one of the most important mechanism by which young children learn their social and communicative skills. Different experiments demonstrated that children with autism have difficulties performing imitation.17 Studies using fMRI supported the hypothesis by showing a reduced MNS activity in children with autism during imitation and observation of facial emotional expression. These results all suggest that mirror neurons play indeed an important role in imitation and early dysfunction of MNS may be at the core of the social limitations observed in children with autism. 16 Rizzolatti and Arbib have proposed that the part of the monkey brain which contains mirror neurons dealing with hand actions, has evolved to subserve speech in humans. 17 This would suggest that hand gestures and mouth gestures are linked in humans. A defect in this specific part of the MNS could result in an inability to speak, like some of the persons with autism do. However, to date no research is done to prove this possibility. Another possible effect of mirror neuron dysfunction could be underdevelopment of ToM. It has been demonstrated that children with autism have difficulties perceiving the world from another persons eyes, suggesting that they have a reduced ToM. However, a study showing a correlation between the dysfunction of the MNS and ToM has still to be done.15 Conclusion Although the discovery of mirror neuron system is just recently done, already a lot of research is dedicated to this interesting part of the brain. The specific neurons first found in monkeys, are most probably also an important part of the human brain forming a basis for functions such as imitation and action understanding. In autistic persons, who show to have difficulties with these abilities, reduced activity of mirror neurons has been found. This would suggest that the MNS is a key factor that influences the degree of social and communicative impairments in these individuals. Still a lot of research has to be done to find strong evidence for the dysfunction of the MNS and its relationship with reduced speech, social interaction skills and theory of mind. Referenties 1 Kiln A (2006): Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview. Rev. Brasil de Psychil. 28: S3-S11 2 Wegiel J, Kuchna I, Nowicki K et al. (2010): The neuropathology of autism: defects of neurogenesis and neuronal migration, and dysplastic changes. Acta Neuropathol. 119: 755-770 3 Chen, E (2004): Checklist autism. Available on: http://www.elainechen.com/illustration_template.php?page=autism (Geraadpleegd op 4 juli 2010) 4 Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A et al. (2006): Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet 368: 210-215 5 Pennington BF, Ozonoff S (1996): Executive Functions and Developmental Psychopathology. J. Child. Psychil. Psychiat. 37: 51-87 6 Baron-Cohen S (2009): Autism: The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory. Ann. of NY Aca. of sci. 1156: 68-80 7 Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U (1985): Does the autistic child have a theory of mind? Cognition 21: 37-46 8 Rizzolatti G, Craighero L (2004): The mirror-neuron system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27: 169-192 9 Rizzolatti G, Fogassi F, Gallese V (2001): Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nature Rev. Neurosciences 2: 661-670 10 Hari, R et al. (1998): Activation of human primary motor cortex during action observation: a neuromagnetic study. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 95: 15061-15065 11 Iacoboni M, Dapretto M (2006): The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7: 942-951 12 Jeannerod M (1994): The representing brain. Neural correlates of motor intention and im- agery. Behav. Brain Sci 17: 187-245 13 Meltzoff AN, Prinz W (2002) The Imitative Mind. Development, Evolution and Brain Bases. Cambridge Univ. Press 14 Umilta MA, Kohler E, Gallese V, Fogassi L, Fadiga L, et al. (2001): I know what you are doing: a neurophysiological study. Neuron 32: 91-101 15 Williams JH, Whiten A, Suddendorf T, Perret DI (2001): Imitation, mirror neurons and autism. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25: 287-295 16 Dapretto M, Davies MS, Pfeifer JH et al. (2005): Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience 9: 28-30 17 Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Matelli M, Bettinardi V, Paulesu E, Perani D, Fazio F (1996): Localisation of grasp representations in humans by PETà 1: observation vs execution. Exp. Brain Res. 111: 246- 252.

Novel Clockwise Task Migration in Many-Core Chip

Novel Clockwise Task Migration in Many-Core Chip A Novel Clockwise Task Migration in Many-Core Chip Multiprocessors   Abstract-The industry trend for Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) moves from multi-core to many-core to obtain higher computing performance, flexibility, and scalability systems. Moreover, the transistors size is constantly shrinking, and more and more transistors are integrated in a single chip that allows to design more powerful and complicated systems. However, obtaining higher computing performance needs to increase the consuming of power consumption which results in increasing the on-chip hotspots and the overall chip temperature. The peak temperature causes performance degradation, reducing reliability, decreasing the chip life spam, and eventually, damaging the system. Therefore, Runtime Thermal Management (RTM) for CMPs has become crucial to minimize temperature without any performance degradation. In this paper, a new clockwise task migration technique is proposed on many-core CMPs. The proposed technique migrates the heavy loaded tasks which are placed in a central cores away from the central cores to the surrounding cores. The proposed technique performs a clockwise task migrations to distribute the variations hotspots that are placed in the central core of the chip. Moreover, the proposed migration algorithm gathers cores temperature by using performance-counters and proposed equations which shows efficient results instead of using thermal sensors. Simulation results indicate up to 15% reduction in the maximum temperature value of the whole many-core CMPs. The efficiency of the proposed technique is shown by temperature values of many-core CMPs that are below the maximum temperature limit. Keywords- chip multiprocessors; many-core; task migration; performance counter; runtime thermal management. The chip multiprocessors (CMPs) is continued to increase the number of transistors to face the increased demand of the maintaining reliability and high computing performance. In the same time, transistors size are constantly shrinking, and more and more transistors are integrated in a single chip that allows to design more powerful and complicated CMPs architectures [1]. These advantages lead to increase cores number on the CMPs, therefore CMPs are shifting from multicore to many-core era where tens or hundreds of cores are integrated on a single chip connected via network-on-chip (NoC) [4-5]. In fact, many-core CMPs provide higher computing performance because of executing heavy loaded tasks which consume more power consumption. However, heavy loaded tasks lead to increase the overall chip temperature and on-chip hotspots. Hotspots are the main driving obstacle for wide adoption of many core CMPs architectures which lead to performance degradation, reduced reliability, increased coo ling costs, shorter chip life span, and eventually the system frailer. Therefore, to achieve better computing performance with higher scalability and maintaining reliability, efficient Runtime Thermal Management (RTM) techniques become very imperative [3],[6-8]. In fact, RTM not only aims to balance and distribute the temperature of the chip but also enables many-core CMPs to operate at a favorable performance while working below a temperature threshold [1-2]. Therefore, in order to maintain efficient performance on the many core CMPs, authors propose a clockwise task migration technique that is served as an alternative to control the many core CMPs cores temperature. The proposed migration technique migrates the heavy loaded tasks which are placed in the central cores away from the central part to the surrounding part on the core layer. In other word, the proposed method performs the clockwise task migrations to distribute the variations hotspots that are placed in the central cores of the chip. The proposed method aims to maximize the throughput on many core CMPs while satisfying the peak temperature constraint [5-6],[9]. With the development of many-core CMPs, using high overhead expensive thermal sensors to measure cores temperature becomes not effective nor improper to encounter thermal challenges [3],[12]. Therefore, in this work, a new technique have been provided to measure cores temperature instead of using thermal sensors. The proposed migration algorithm obtains the core temperature by using performance-counters which are placed in each core. In this context, cores with high temperature are distributed on the chip without any performance degradation [1-3],[11-13]. In this paper, they are some contributions are achieved as following: It develops a novel runtime task migration technique in many-core systems to balance hotspots. Instead of using high overheads expensive sensors to majeure cores temperature, the proposed task migration technique is using performance-counters. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cantly outperform the conventional approach. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. First of all in Section II, a summary of related works is given. The proposed technique is introduced in Section III. In Section IV, experimental evaluation is presented. Finally, the conclusion is given in Section V. While the industry trends of CMPs is to increase transistors numbers redundant exponentially as Ohms low, its help to achieve more powerful and better computing performance by executing heavy loaded tasks [1-3]. However, heavy loaded tasks lead to increase on-chip thermal hotspots and the overall CMPs peak temperature. Thus, in case of having hundreds of processors are integrated on a single chip as many-core CMPs, off-line methods are not efficient. Therefore, RTM becomes crucial to balance on-chip thermal hot-spots and the overall CMPs peak temperature [1-3],[8-10]. To this end, many theoretical works have been carried out to dissipation and elimination thermal hot-spots by different techniques. For instance, Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) technique in [7] aims to control the temperature by dynamically adjusting the processor speed based on the workload. However, DVFS techniques dynamically adjusting the processor speed based on the workload which sacrià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ce the performance to cool down the chip temperature. Another technique called task migration technique which aims to manage the on-chip temperature by balancing the tasks loads among CMPs tiles without slowing down the processing. In [1-3],[8],[10-11] the proposed algorithms in some cases is unable to find a proper destination core due to the thermal constraints, therefore, authors have used DVFS which had proved to be inefficient as far as performance is concerned. In [2], authors had implemented many thermal-aware algorithms to migrate tasks between processor cores to reduce thermal variation in 3D architecture with stacked DRAM memory. However, the authors are used some techniques that proceed static task migration which in some cases can migrate a task from cold core to a hotspot core. Also, the authors proposed another techniques which are providing high overheads expensive thermal sensors to detect the on-chip hotspot. Moreover, in [2-3], authors proposed other techniques which always assigns the new job to the coolest core for balancing the thermal hotspots across the chip, however it increases hotspots in the system rapidly. Therefore, in case of having hundreds of processors are integrated on a single chip as many-core CMPs, off-line methods are not efficient to distribute and balance the thermal hotspots. In this work, a novel runtime task migration technique is proposed which offers an effective solution to face thermal challenges in many-core CMPs. Furthermore, instead of using high overhead expensive sensors to measure cores temperature, the proposed migration technique is using performance-counters to measure many-core CMPs tiles temperature. Fig. 1: Many-core CMPs with 64 cores and the TCU connection with a tile on many core CMPs. Fig. 2: A tile components in 64 cores many-core CMPs. Nowadays, the CMPs industry trend moves from multi-core to many-core architectures to achieve better computing performance, and more maintaining reliability. Therefore, many-core CMPs architectures provide heavy loaded tasks to allow the system operating at high computing performance. However, heavy tasks lead to increase peak temperature of chip and on-chip hotspots. Thus, RTM is crucial to achieve balanced systems temperature threshold with efficient task execution performance. As shown in Figure 1, a many-core CMPs with 64 tiles is presented. Each tile includes a core, a private L1 cache bank, and a shared cache L2 bank as shown in Figure 2. The proposed technique in this work aims to balance thermal distribution to combat thermal issues and temperature related reliability. The proposed technique provides task migration between cores while it is done at runtime and repeated periodically at a predefined time interval. Each time interval in this work is 100ms. Each core considers instruction per cycle (IPC) for calculating power consumption at the end of each interval. IPC is a critical factor in power consumption calculation. It is notable that, cores with higher power consumption lead to execute tasks with higher performance which create higher temperature in compared with the cores with lower power consumption [8]. The power consumption for each core is calculated based on Equation 1. Where P is the core power consumption, IPC is the instruction per cycle which is the core activity, f is the core frequency, CL is the average capacitance, and VDD is supply voltage. Since the frequency of each core in the many-core CMPs is constant and the DVFS technique is expensive and inappropriate because of performance degradation, dynamically change in the frequency of each core is not assumed in the system. As can be seen in Equation 1, the IPC has a key role for calculating and predicting the power consumption of each core in system. For calculating IPC, performance counters are used which are very applicable in the modern processors. Each core has a performance counter for IPC counting. At the end of each time interval, IPC is achieved by the performance counter for each core and then power consumption is calculated based on Equation 1. According to the calculated power consumption, a look up table in the Thermal Control Unit (TCU) will be filled. An example of look up tabl e is illustrated in Figure 3. In the target many core system, the TCU is assumed to be placed near to all of the cores as shown in Figure 1. Based on the filled table in the TCU, we divide the many core floor plan into two parts, the central part with one region, and the surrounding part with four regions as shown in Figure 4. Based on the thermal distribution of central part and surrounding part, we try to balance the temperature in the system. As before mentioned, the look up table is illustrated in Figure 3, based on each core activity, hot and cold cores are determined based on the related thresholds shown in Figure 5 ,where th1=5, th2=10, th3=15, and th4=20. Fig. 3: A sample of a look up table in the PCU used at the end of each time interval. Fig. 4: The central part and the surrounding part of 64 tile of many core CMPs. Based on the plan of hot and cold cores, the proposed technique sorts the cores both in the central part and surrounding part from the hottest to coldest cores. Then the proposed technique exchanges the hottest core in the central part with the coldest core in the surrounding part. Based on this trend, the heavy load tasks are migrated to the edges of the chip and light load tasks are migrated to the central part. It is notable that the edges of the chip is a better choice for placement of the hot cores in compared with the central part because neighbor cores have a big effect on each temperature. Since the number of cores in the surrounding part is three times of the central part, the hot cores in the central part have more options for migration with a cold core. At the end of each time interval, each core sends IPC information (cores activity) which calculated based on performance counter to the TCU. Then, the TCU based on cores activities from the look up table calculates two sets of activities which are in central part and surrounding part. Therefore, the TCU sorts the activities related to central part and surrounding part from the hottest to the coldest cores, separately. In this part, as shown in Figure 1, TCU exchanges the hottest core in the central part with the coldest core in surrounding part region by region as will be explained in the next subsection. It is notable that the TCU can migrate the hot cores in the central part with the cold cores in the surrounding part in the clockwise manner. Fig.5: The used thresholds for determining the ranges of temperature of the cores. Fig. 6: The proposed clockwise task migration algorithm. A. Clockwise Migration Algorithm For avoiding the gathering of all of the hot cores in a one region of surrounding part instead of divide it the whole surrounding part regions, a novel clockwise algorithm is proposed. This clockwise migration algorithm divides the surrounding part into four regions as shown in Figure 4. After sorting the cores from high temperature to low temperature both in of central part and surrounding part by the TCU, the proposed clockwise algorithm exchanges the hottest core in the central part with a coldest core in the surrounding part region one. After that, the proposed clockwise algorithm exchanges the hottest core in the central part with a coldest core in the surrounding part region two etc. The system repeats this procedure periodically at the end of each time interval to migrate the hot cores in the central part with the cold cores on four regions in surrounding part. The summary of Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the proposed clockwise task migration technique is shown in Figures 6. As shows in Figure 1, a 64 tiles many-core CMPs architecture with multithreaded workloads is used to proceed the proposed clockwise task migration technique. a) Platform Setup In order to validate the efficiency the many-core CMPs architecture in this paper, authors use the traffic traces extracted from GEM5 [15] full-system simulator to setup the basic system platform. The area of cores and cache banks are estimated by CACTI [21] and McPAT [20]. We use multithread applications from PARSEC benchmarks [14] in our experimental evaluation. The detailed system configuration are given in Table 1. For this benchmarks, one billion instructions are executed for the simlarge input set starting from the Region of Interest (ROI). HotSpot [17] version 5.0 is employed as a grid-based thermal modeling tool for chip temperature estimation. For experimental evaluation, maximum temperature limit and dark silicon peak power budget, Tmax and Pbudget is assumed to be 80à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ and 100 W, respectively. Table 1. Specification of the target CMP architecture. Component Description Number of Cores 64, 8-8 mesh Core Configuration Alpha21164, 3GHz, 65nm Private Cache per each Core SRAM, 4 way, 32 line, size 32KB per core On-chip Memory Baseline: Static random mapping Proposed: Proposed migration technique b) Experimental Results In this sub-section, we evaluate a many core CMPs in two different cases. First, the many core CMPs without any migration policy (Baseline), and the many core CMPs with the proposed clockwise migration policy (Proposed). Figure 7 shows the results of normalized throughput for PARSEC and SPEC workloads, where throughput is the number of executed instructions per second (IPS). As shown in Figure 7, the Proposed architecture yields on average 31% throughput improvement compared with the Baseline. Moreover, Figure 8 illustrates the results of normalized energy consumption for PARSEC and SPEC workloads. As shown in Figure 8, the Proposed architecture yields on average 69% energy consumption improvement compared with the Baseline. In addition, Figure 9 (a) and (b) show the results of temperature distribution for canneal from PARSEC workloads for Baseline and Proposed architecture, respectively. Also, as shown in figure 9 (a), after applying the proposed clockwise task migration technique (Proposed), it ensures that all cores on the many core CMPs are below the maximum temperature of 80 . While the Baseline spends up to 19% of time above the maximum temperature which presences hotspots   as shown in figure 9 (b). In other words, by applying the proposed clockwise task migration technique on the proposed many core CMPs architecture, it distributes the temperature and without appearance of hotspots. Fig.7. Comparison results of IPC. Fig.8. Comparison results of energy consumption. The many-core CMPs provide higher system performance, more flexibility and scalability. Since these advantages require increased power consumption in the system, peak temperature issues become disquieting. Thus, Runtime Thermal Management (RTM) of many-core CMPs becomes crucial in minimizing thermal hotspots without any performance degradation. In this paper, the proposed clockwise task migration technique migrates the heavy loaded task from central cores part to the surrounding cores part. Thy system gathers cores temperature by using performance-counters that are placed in each core instead of use thermal sensors. Since cores with higher power consumption lead to execute higher tasks performance, therefore creates higher temperature. Experimental results of the 64 tiles many-core CMPs have shown signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cant improvement of the average for normalized IPC throughput and energy consumption. While the many-core CMPs architecture yields on average 31% throughput improvement com pared without preceding the using technique. Moreover, the Proposed architecture yields on average 69% energy consumption improvement compared without using the proposed technique. Furthermore, results also have clarified that up to 15% signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cant reduction of temperature threshold, and all tiles are below the maximum temperature limit which is 80 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ on the 64 tiles many-core CMPs (a) (b) Fig.9. Comparison results of temperature.

College Admissions Essay: Learning from Helen Keller :: College Admissions Essays

Learning from Helen Keller "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing." -Helen Keller Helen Keller was one of the most successful people in the world. She helped in so many ways to change many people's lives. She was a very humble person despite her successes. I want to tell you about a story I read which touched me and shows what a special person Helen Keller was. In the summer of 1950, a woman in Italy was asked by a neighbor to pick up two women at a nearby hotel. The reason why her friend, Margot Besozzi, couldn't pick them up is because her jeep was getting repaired and that was the only car they could take to get up the very steep hill to her house. The women of course said that she would be delighted to pick them up. She asked Margot, " whom should I ask for at the hotel?" and Margot replied, "Miss Helen Keller." She could not believe that she was going to pick up Helen Keller at the hotel. She was so excited that she started to dream about when she was a little girl and her father had given her the story of Helen Keller written by Annie Sullivan. When she arrived at the hotel, she got out of her car to greet Helen Keller and Polly Thomson. She took Helen's hand and placed her in the car with Mrs. Thomson. Then it came to her mind that they were going to be taking a very dangerous ride when they were to go up to the house. There were no sides to the car, so when she took very sharp turns, she was afraid that Helen might fall out of the car. So she warned them about the sharp and steep turns. When they got to this part of the journey, Helen started to sing, "This is fun!" and then she cried out, "Lovely!" When they reached the house, she helped the two women out of the car to greet Margot. She was invited to have lunch with Margot, Mrs. Thomson and Helen. They drove to the restaurant and went to sit down at their table. When Helen sat down, she felt around her area so she knew where her fork, spoon, knife, and plate were, and sat patiently. After they finished lunch, they were sitting around taking about Italy, and Helen was talking about where she wanted to visit.

An Investigation into the P.e.d, Y.e.d and X.p.e.d of The Sony Playstat

An Investigation into the P.e.d, Y.e.d and X.p.e.d of The Sony Playstation1 I have chosen the Sony Playstation1 as my product. The Playstation1 went on sale in 1995 in Britain. It quickly sold all its stock completely due to very high demand, as it was a 'new thing' at the time. It cost  £200 in the shops and stayed at this price for a whole two years however demand started to decrease rapidly after this. This could be because of new arrivals to the console world i.e. Nintendo 64. So they dropped their price to  £130 and again huge demand for the product begun and they sold out. However after a year, demand for the Playstation1 dropped, so they dropped their price again down to  £100. There was still little demand, so they dropped their price even further to just  £70 and brought it out in a new smaller design. However things never picked up as the Playstation2 was released and so no one wanted the somewhat dated Playstation1. Prices remain at  £70 today in all major shopping stores. P.e.d (Price elasticity of demand) is divined as the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to changes in its own price. It is calculated by the equation :- P.e.d = % change in quantity demanded % change in price As I have found information figures when the Plastation1 went on sale and more recent figures, I have worked out the P.e.d for the Sony Plastation1. P.e.d = 0.91 ============ The result shows the Sony Playstation1 is inelastic. This means the consumers are aware of changes in the price and reflect on them to whether or not they buy the product. Because of the quite neutral result of P.e.d it shows a balance ... ...le, an increase in the price of coffee will increase the demand for tea. This, I would not expect to be true for the consoles we are talking about. Goods in joint demand however will have negative cross elasticities. For instance, an increase in the price of record players will reduce the demand for records. This I would expect to be true for the Playstation1 and Nintendo 64. The coefficient will be high for goods that are very close substitutes or complements and low when they are neither substitutes nor complements. Uses of cross elasticity of demand  · Firms can estimate the effect on their demand of a competitors price cut.  · Firms can estimate impact on demand for their product if they cut the price of a complement e.g. if they cut the price of the computer, how much will demand for software increase?

Makkah

Considered as perhaps one of the holiest cities in the whole world, Makkah or Mecca, is located in the historic Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia (Crone 231).   With a population of nearly two million (1,700,000 to be exact), this region is deeply revered by Muslims because it contains the Grand Mosque of Mecca.   From an etymological perspective, the word mecca means a location that is considered as the center of interest or a goal which religious adherents aspire for (Lapidus 43).   This is synonymous with the religious devotion that is associated with the area. One of the major events that occur in this area is the annual pilgrimage to Makkah which happens during the season of the Hajj.   This is very important for every Muslim since it is covered under the Five Pillars of Islam (Lapidus 43).   Given this relevance, every able bodied Muslim who has the means to must visit Mecca at least once in their lifetime.   This is a very strict rule (Lapidus 43).   During this time, nobody else is allowed to enter the holy city especially people belonging to other faiths. Historically, the Mecca has always been considered as one of the most important cities in the Arabian Peninsula (Crone 231).   Since the 6th century, it has always been the wealthiest of all the settlements in the area (Crone 231).   Due to the abundant water supply that it got from the Zamzam Well, Mecca soon grew in prosperity and became the site of the Kaaba, the holiest site in all of Islam (Crone 231).   Given this ideal location, it comes as no surprise then that this soon became one of the holiest areas in the world. The sacred mosque or the Al-Masjid al-Haram is the largest mosque in the entire world.   Its location in the city of Mecca is only appropriate given the fact that it surrounds what is the holiest place in the entire Islam, the Kaaba (Lapidus 43).   Also known as Haram or Haram Sharif, the mosque is capable of accommodating over four million (4,000,000) people during the great pilgrimage or the Hajj (Lapidus 43).   It covers a floor area of approximately three hundred and fifty-six thousand eight hundred (356,800) square meters. The Kaaba, is a large cubical shaped building that is currently surrounded by the Masjid al-Haram, which is the largest mosque in the world.   According to Islamic lore, the Kaaba was formerly the site where Abraham (Ibrahim) erected the Bait-ul-Allah (House of Allah) at the site of the well (Lapidus 43).   This was in turn supposedly created by Adam.   Currently, the Kaaba is the site for most of the religious practices of the Muslims.   During the Hajj, the Kaaba is the center of the ritual circumambulation that is practiced by Muslims.   It is also used during the Umrah or the lesser pilgrimage (Lapidus 43).   This is also the same direction that Muslims pray towards during prayer. The Well of Zamzam is located about twenty (20) meters away from the Kaaba (Hawting 47).   It was said that this was the site where the wife of the Prophet Ibrahim found water for her infant son (Hawting 44).   According to legend, the well was dug up by angel Jibril (Gabriel) who caused the spring to appear.   The name Zamzam comes from the phrase Zomà « Zomà « which literally means â€Å"stop flowing† in relation to the command that Hajar tried to issue to stop the spring water from flowing (Hawting 51).   This was also the site where tribes would frequent during their pilgrimage in order to settle disputes and settle debts as well as for other religious reasons (Hawting 47). Aside from the historical considerations, the religious ties that are connected to the holiest place in Islam, the Kaaba, make it the center of any Muslims faith.   The fact that the five pillars also require Muslims to visit this place makes it equally important for every Muslim to endeavor to visit this place at least once in their entire lifetime.   This is the reason why millions of Muslims make this pilgrimage every year. Works Cited: Crone, Patricia (1987). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Princeton University Press. Hawting, G. R. (1980). â€Å"The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the ‘Well of the Ka'ba'†. ‘Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 43 (1): 44-54. Lapidus, Ira M. (1988). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 22552 5. Mecca IPA: /ˈmÉ›kÉ™/ or Makkah IPA: [ˈmà ¦kÉ™] (in full: Makkah Al-Mukarramah IPA: [(Arabic) mà ¦kË Ãƒ ¦(t) à ¦lmÊŠkarË‘amà ¦]; Arabic: Ù…ÙÆ'Ù‘Ø © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ±Ã™â€¦Ã˜ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å½) is an Islamic holy city in Saudi Arabia's Makkah Province, in the historic Hejaz region. It has a population of 1,700,000 (2008 census). The city is located 73  kilometres (45  miles) inland from Jeddah, in a narrow valley, 277  metres (910  ft) above sea level. It is located 80  kilometres (50  miles) from the Red Sea. Historically, the city has also been called Becca[1][2]. The city is revered by Muslims for containing the holiest site of Islam, the Grand Mosque of Mecca. A pilgrimage to Mecca during the season of the Hajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a sacred duty that is required of all able-bodied Muslims who can afford to go, at least once in their lifetime. People of other faiths are forbidden from entering the city. The English word mecca (uncapitalized), meaning â€Å"A place that is regarded as the center of an activity or interest† or â€Å"A goal to which adherents of a religious faith or practice fervently aspire.† [3] is borrowed from Mecca   

The Importance of Extracurricular Activities Camry

â€Å"The Importance of Extracurricular Activities† Academics are an important part of every student's high school years. This is because academics play a big role in college acceptance. Students are encouraged by teachers and/or parents everyday to study. Every parent want their child to attend college but only want to pay less; that's one reason why they encourage their child to study more. However, there is one more other thing students can do other than academic relations I. E. Extracurricular activities. Extracurricular activities include basketball, baseball, tennis, student government, drama, choir and there things.Besides being fun and socializing with peers, extracurricular activities can enhance their time management skills. Extracurricular activities increase your chances in getting accepted for colleges. When students are involved in activities, they learn how to work in groups. Their communication skills improve. These things cross over to real life. College admis sion committees want to see students doing more than just book work. The privilege to even play on a team comes with certain requirements. Students may have to meet and maintain a minimum grade point average to play any ports or be in any clubs.Some extracurricular activities are made to help at risk teenagers. They begin to have an increased sense of self-worth, and it increases their' health. They develop life-long relationships with their peers and learn how to lead others. These activities help you stand out from the crowd. Getting involved in too many activities can have negative effects. Students involved in too many activities usually end up having academic problems. Students should pick out their favorite activities and make sure they can handle them.They shouldn't try to do it all even though it shows their passion ND commitment to activities, which builds character. These activities that students are involved in reveals a lot more about them. To put it briefly, students wh o participate in extracurricular activities will see an improvement in their academic and life skills. They will be disciplined, gain goal-setting skills, accountability and responsibility. They will also be better prepared for college. Students may even distinguish the lessons they learned outside the classroom. Extracurricular activities will help them survive in the future workplace.